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Chapter 4 Sodium-Based Battery Technologies lesser degree, Asia. For example, in the United States, Na-NiCl2 batteries provide stand-alone backup power for telecom data centers at 17 sites for two major cell phone providers. In Mexico, Zambia, and the Philippines, Na-NiCl2 batteries provide backup power for telecom systems. For larger-scale energy storage systems, Na-NiCl2 batteries are used in the Maldives Islands (1.2 MWh), Ollagüe, Chile (560 kWh), Tilos, Greece (2.88 MWh), and French Guiana (4.5 MWh) to support integration of renewables such as photovoltaics and wind power. In a program similar to that described earlier for NGK’s NAS systems, FZSoNick is also engaged with Terna S.p.A., using a 4.5 MWh system to facilitate electricity transmission in Sicily and Sardinia. Figure 7. An FZSoNick Na-NiCl2 battery system supporting integration of renewable remote photovoltaic energy in South America. Reprinted with permission of FZSoNick. Emerging Efforts Although both NaS and Na-NiCl2 batteries are currently deployed as grid-scale technologies, research and development efforts continue to push for advances that would reduce cost and improve the safe, reliable performance of molten sodium batteries. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has a cooperative research program with South Korean partners Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST) developing ZEBRA batteries that operate below 200°C and reduce or eliminate the use of costly nickel in the cathode, replacing nickel with iron [1, 12]. Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories are actively developing alternative low to intermediate temperature batteries that use a molten sodium anode and a NaI-based metal halide molten salt cathode [13]. The electrochemistry of these batteries relies on the oxidation or reduction of iodide at the cathode and the overall battery chemistry is: 2Na+I3- ↔ 2Na++3I- Ecell ~ 3.24 V at 120 – 180 °C (3) This approach results in an increased cell voltage, relative to NaS or Na-NiCl2 chemistries, (enabling potentially increased energy density) and allows for operation at temperatures near the melting temperature of sodium (97.8°C) [14]. Both of these national laboratory-led efforts use chemistries designed for safety (not thermal runaway) and are clearly aimed at reducing the operating temperature of these batteries, which would reduce or eliminate the need for high temperature stable battery components, reduce costs associated with maintaining battery operational temperatures, and decrease degradation or side reactions deleterious to long-term battery performance. Ultimately, finding lower temperature solutions will enable more widespread adoption of this class of batteries, but neither of these low- to-intermediate approaches have yet reached commercial technical maturity. 10PDF Image | SODIUM-BASED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |