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Plants 2022, 11, 2379 13 of 18 4.1. Morphological Attributes The plants were carefully uprooted sixty days after germination, washed with distilled water; placed in plastic bags immediately and the length and weight of roots and shoots were recorded, while dry weights were recorded after drying the samples for 96 h at 70 ◦C. 4.2. Estimation of Biochemical Attributes For the estimation of proteins, amino acids and antioxidants the leaf and root samples were homogenized in 50 mM Na+-phosphate buffer at 4 ◦C. The material was then cen- trifuged for 12 min at 15,000 rpm and supernatant was removed carefully to be used for biochemical assay. 4.2.1. Total Soluble Proteins (TSP) The 0.1 mL of supernatant was poured in test tubes containing 5 mL of Bradford reagent. The reading was taken at 595 nm using uv-vis spectrophotometer (U-2900 Hitachi) after 15 mints of incubation at room temperature [68]. 4.2.2. Total Free Amino Acids (TFAA) For TFAA estimation, 0.5 mL of supernatant was added to 0.5 mL ninhydrin (2%) and 0.5 mL pyridine (10%) solution in test tubes and was water bathed for 30 min at 100 ◦C. After cooling, the volume was raised to 25 mL with distilled water and absorbance was recorded at 570 nm with spectrophotometer [69]. 4.3. Enzymatic Antioxidants 4.3.1. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) The SOD activities in leaves and roots were determined through quantifying the inhibi- tion in photo reduction in nitrobluetetrazolium (NBT), the protocol devised by Beauchamp and Fridovich [70]. Reaction solution was prepared by mixing: (i) 75 μL of NBT; (ii) 20 μL of riboflavin; (iii) 130 mL of L-methionine; and (iii) 100 μL of Na2EDTA into sodium phosphate buffer. Reaction solution (2.725 mL) was mixed with of dH2O (0.25 mL) and 50 μL enzyme extract (supernatant) into a glass beaker and was kept in the dark. A similar set of beakers was prepared and placed at light conditions of 4000 lux for 15 min. The absorbance in the dark adopted and illuminated samples was recorded at 560 nm using spectrophotometer. 4.3.2. Peroxidase (POD) and Catalase (CAT) The reaction solution for POD contained 100 μL 30 mM H2O2, 100 μL guaiacol and 100 μL of enzyme extract (supernatant) into 2.7 mL sodium phosphate buffer. However, for the estimation of CAT activity, the same reaction solution that was used for POD (except guaiacol) was used. The absorbance of POD and CAT samples was observed on time scan (0–60 s) at 470 and 240 nm, respectively, using spectrophotometer [71]. 4.3.3. Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) The activity of APX was determined using Nakano and Asada [72] methodology. The reaction solution contained 100 μL ascorbate solution (10 mM), 100 μL H2O2 (30%) and 100 μL enzyme extract (supernatant) into 2.7 mL of sodium phosphate buffer. After a gentle shake, the absorbance was read at 290 nm with on time scan (0–60 s) using a spectrophotometer. 4.3.4. Glutathione Reductase (GR) To assay GR, the reaction solution (2 mL) consisted of 100 μL NADPH (0.15 mM), 100 μL GSSG (0.5 mM), 700 μL dH2O and 100 μL of supernatant into 1000 μL of potassium phosphate buffer containing Na2EDTA (2 mM). The addition of NADPH started the oxidation reaction. The NADPH oxidation in each sample was assessed at 340 nm using spectrophotometer [73].PDF Image | Silicon-Induced Mitigation of NaCl Stress in Barley
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)