PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 006
Paper Journal of Materials Chemistry A Fig. 3 Electrochemical performance of the rechargeable saltwater battery. (a) Galvanostatic charge and discharge voltage profiles of the cathode and anode half-cells at a current rate of 0.025 mA cm2; the cathode half-cell employs 5 M saltwater, while the anode is a hard carbon electrode. (b) Purple: the 7th charge and discharge curves of the full-cell (hard carbon|5 M saltwater) at a current rate of 0.025 mA cm2. The orange curves depict the prediction from the two half-cell results in panel (a). (c) EDS mapping results of the hard carbon anode before cycling, and after the 8th charge process. (d) Cycling performance of the full-cell over 50 cycles. 0.025 mA cm2 over 50 cycles. Although the discharge capacity was initially quite low, it increased with the cycling number and reached a saturation level of 294 mA h g1 by the 7th cycle, reaching a high coulombic efficiency of 98.2%. This behaviour is different from that observed in conventional rechargeable batteries, where initially, the discharge capacity decreases with increasing cycle number by testing with voltage cut-off condi- tions at constant currents upon both charging and discharging. In contrast, our full-cell saltwater batteries were examined with a capacity cut-off condition of 300 mA h ghard carbon1, which is lower than the estimated reversible capacity of the hard carbon electrode upon charging. This controlled testing could avoid unwanted Na plating (dendrite formation) on the anode surface during the charging of the full-cell, and consequently allow more stable cycling performance. The full-cell displayed excel- lent cycling stability without signicant capacity fading during 50 cycles. The discharge capacity aer the 7th cycle was between 294 and 296 mA h g1 and the coulombic efficiency was main- tained at 98% over 50 cycles. Even aer 50 cycles, no noticeable XRD peak shi was observed for the NASICON pellet (Fig. S7, ESI†), indicating its stability. We checked the power density of a saltwater battery with 5 M saltwater (Na|5 M saltwater) by varying the current rate from 0.01 to 0.75 mA cm2 (Fig. S8, ESI†). At 0.5 mA cm2, electrolyte (NASICON), which may benet from further devel- opment of solid electrolytes of high ionic conductivity. Cost evaluation of the saltwater battery Fig. 4 illustrates the energy cost versus power cost of various types of batteries for EES systems (for details see Table S1, ESI†). Sodium–sulphur batteries (NaS) and vanadium redox ow Comparison of cost for various battery systems. Energy cost ($ kW h1) versus power cost ($ kW1) using data from DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook.3 The cost of saltwater battery (red star) was evaluated using 5 M saltwater as the catholyte. For details see the ESI.† 2 was signicantly low for practical applications. The poor power a maximum power density of 0.77 mW cm output could be limited by the ionic conductivity of the solid This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 7207–7213 | 7211 was reached, which Fig. 4PDF Image | Saltwater as the energy source for low-cost batteries
PDF Search Title:
Saltwater as the energy source for low-cost batteriesOriginal File Name Searched:
A201647207-7213.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)