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Improvements in ionic conductivity through the use of glycol and zwitterion groups have previously been presented for block copolymer structures and for non-conjugated radical polymers.37,6,15,38,39,40,41,42 We assign the improved charging rates for our polymers relative to most other varieties of polymer electrodes to the higher expected charge carrier28 and ionic27 mobilities, enabled by the polar (glycol and zwitterion) side chains and extended backbone conjugation. Whilst the specific capacity achieved in our materials is lower than in the best organic electrodes, it approaches the limit defined by the redox site density, and can be improved by careful optimization of side chain length and structure. A further important target for material and device optimization is to improve and balance retention of charge in both electrodes, currently limited to thousands of seconds as we show in Supplementary Section 19. In the same Section we discuss how charge retention issues affect device cyclablility, showing an example of capacity recovery after continuous cycling. Conclusions We have presented a strategy for material design that enables the fabrication of solution processable p-type and n-type polymers that can be employed as cathode and anode of water based battery devices. The use of polar side chains is identified as a successful solution to improve the ion penetration within the conjugated polymer films. We show that sacrificing volume density of redox sites to include a more favorable medium for ion transport within the battery electrode can be a ‘good investment’ to achieve fast rates of reversible charging/discharging of the polymer chains. Specific capacity of the electrodes in the order of 30 mAh cm-3 and <30% drop in capacity over >1000 cycles were observed. We show that the process of charging and discharging occurs on the second timescale (C-rate > 1000) for both p(gT2) and p(ZI-NDI-gT2) polymers with thickness up to about 100 nm, expected to be limited by contact series resistance. These p-type and n-type polymers were coupled in a two terminal structure with a neutral NaCl aqueous supporting electrolyte to form a battery with > 15 mAh cm-3 specific capacity, which was measured up to > 2000 C-rate. The design of the polymers’ backbone structure resulted in favorable energetics and ultimately in operational voltage of the battery up to 1.4V. This study shows that conjugated polymers with polar side chains can be used as electrodes of battery devices where these materials implement the transport of both the electronic and the ionic charges within their bulk as well as the redox behavior, enabling high levels of power density. These polymers are also solution processable, and therefore compatible with printing techniques and roll to roll high throughput fabrication. In addition, the use of sodium chloride and water at neutral pH values as electrolyte is a promising demonstration for a potentially inexpensive and safe electrochemical energy storage solution. Acknowledgements We thank Peter R Haycock for the fruitful discussions about the NMR spectra. DM, PB and JN are grateful for funding from the EPSRC Supersolar Hub (grant EP/P02484X/1). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 742708), IMEC Synergy Grant SC2 (610115), EPSRC Project EP/G037515/1, EP/M005143/1, EP/N509486/1 and from The Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences Strategic Research Fund. References 1. Larcher, D. & Tarascon, J.-M. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage. Nat. Chem. 7, 19–29 (2014). 2. Dunn, B., Kamath, H. & Tarascon, J.-M. Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of 6PDF Image | salt water battery with high stability
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |