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ACS Omega Article Figure 4. (a) CV curves of NaNiHCF and NaFeHCF electrodes in 1 M of NaCl and a seawater electrolyte (scan rate: 2 mV/s). (b) The voltage profiles of the NaNiHCF/NaFeHCF full cell and (c) potential changes in the three-electrode configuration during the charging/discharging of seawater electrolytes (current density: 0.1 A/gNaFeHCF). (d) Galvanostatic cycling performance of the NaNiHCF/NaFeHCF full cell in seawater (current density: 0.1 A/gNaFeHCF). seawater without any oxygen removal treatment. These results suggest that the Prussian blue materials have good cycling stability in a mixed electrolyte solution containing various ion species due to the large size of the open framework structure.29,30 4. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a rocking chair desalination battery was developed using NaNiHCF and NaFeHCF electrodes. This system desalts the source water at both the charge and discharge steps. This principle of the system contributes not only to a high desalination capacity but also efficient energy consumption. As demonstrated in this work, the system shows a high Na ion removal efficiency (40%) and excellent energy efficiency (0.34 Wh/L) for seawater desalination. In addition, it was found that the system has a high desalination capacity (59.9 mg/g) with good stability in seawater. Although the demonstrated work shows low water treatment capacity with a low water recovery ratio, we believe that it is possible to enhance the water treatment capacity with high water recovery after optimization and development of a flow-type reactor. ■ ASSOCIATED CONTENT *S Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00526. Additional experimental results; illustration of a rocking chair desalination battery; the electrochemical cell used in this study (PDF) 1658 ■ AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *E-mail: Jeyong@snu.ac.kr. Phone: +82-2-880-8927. Fax: +82- 2-876-8911. ORCID Jaehan Lee: 0000-0002-8191-1396 Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest. ■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by a grant (code 16IFIP-B065893- 04) from Industrial Facilities & Infrastructure Research Program funded by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korean government and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF- 016R1D1A1A02937469). 2■ REFERENCES (1) Shannon, M. A.; Bohn, P. W.; Elimelech, M.; Georgiadis, J. G.; Mariñas, B. J.; Mayes, A. M. Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades. Nature 2008, 452, 301−310. (2) Anderson, M. A.; Cudero, A. L.; Palma, J. Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical means of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparison to present desalination practices: Will it compete? Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 3845−3856. (3) Kim, S. J.; Ko, S. H.; Kang, K. H.; Han, J. Direct seawater desalination by ion concentration polarization. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 297−301. (4) Ntavou, E.; Kosmadakis, G.; Manolakos, D.; Papadakis, G.; Papantonis, D. Experimental evaluation of a multi-skid reverse osmosis DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00526 ACS Omega 2017, 2, 1653−1659PDF Image | Rocking Chair Desalination Battery Prussian Blue Electrodes
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