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J. Phys. Energy 3 (2021) 031503 N Tapia-Ruiz et al be directly transferred from LIB research, and challenges can be jointly tackled. Some advantages and benefits which can be discovered are, however, solely for NIBs, such as the ability to internally short a pouch cell with no performance impact, as demonstrated by Faradion [277]. Advances in science and technology to meet challenges In general, a better understanding is required of how to produce and process materials, as there is very little information that specifically relates to NIBs at larger scales. Ideally, techniques already used to scale up electrode materials to significant quantities could be implemented. Co-precipitation is the most widely utilised approach for materials scale up, and several researchers have produced well-defined structures of layered sodium oxides for NIBs, which required additional firing steps after the initial precipitation, which can be energy intensive [280]. Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) can also be produced by co-precipitation, and do not require further processing, reducing cost and time. Co-precipitation is not necessarily suitable for all electrode materials, depending upon their stability and composition. Therefore, new routes such as microwave synthesis could be optimised to provide alternatives. Electrode processing is also a significant focus, as it contributes a large amount to the cost of cell production. Tape casting is the technique most widely utilised to produce electrode sheets; however, the use of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) increases expense, due to the need for solvent-recovery systems. The development of newer electrode slurry combinations, particularly aqueous chemistries, would reduce this cost. Additionally, several researchers have begun to develop ‘solvent-free’ casting techniques in a bid to remove this issue entirely and have greater control of electrode morphologies, though these advances are likely to take some time to become commercially viable [281, 282]. Perhaps one of the biggest advances which will help manufacturing immensely is the use of simulation and modelling. Computational modelling of cells and packs has become much more viable in recent years and by varying parameters, can allow for rapid analysis of changes to electrode composition and cell design, obtaining incremental performance gains when applied experimentally. One example of modelling to identify improvements in pouch cells is that of tab placement, where the benefits of an opposite-ended tab design were shown to improve electrode usage and temperature management [283]. Greater practical application is required to demonstrate the benefits of these findings, and whether there are correlations with simulations. Finally, in terms of NIBs, there needs to be a much greater understanding of the long-term performance of cells, especially as size increases, which will become better understood with time. Additionally, the use of half cells with metallic sodium does not realise true cell chemistries, which instead use hard carbon anodes, though the use of half cells is also a common practice for new LIB materials. Any performance issues or irregularities in a half-cell setup are not a true representation of what may occur in a scaled-up cell configuration; thus, a greater emphasis on testing materials in three-electrode or small full-cell setups is essential to ensure that materials can be scaled up without issue. Concluding remarks Unquestionably, as the field of NIBs expands over the next decade, greater cooperation between materials development and manufacturing will be required to ensure that advances can be easily transferred from small scale to large scale. Though pouch cells have been considered in this text, there are multiple formats for batteries which should all benefit from this focus. If LIB manufacturing lines can be converted to produce NIBs, this would help to drastically reduce costs further and allow for better knowledge transfer, making NIBs an attractive low-cost option. However, there are still many NIB-specific challenges which need to be tackled, mainly by improving knowledge about the processing of electrode materials, and their inherent long-term safety, which both require greater study. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Faraday Institution’s NEXGENNA project (FIRG018). 73PDF Image | roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
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