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J. Phys. Energy 3 (2021) 031503 N Tapia-Ruiz et al Figure 8. (a) Key reversible redox-active organic systems at the molecular level, together with representative examples exhibiting redox rocking from the aromatic to the quinoid form. X/Y can be N, O, S, P, π-systems, carboxylate, anhydride, or amide functional groups; and R, R′ are potentially integrated within the same cyclic structure. Note that p- and n-type structures correspond to systems A and B, respectively, according to Hünig’s classification [56]. (b) Corresponding cell configurations obtained by experimenting with both n- and p-type systems, shown during the discharge process. Reprinted with permission from [52]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society. Advances in science and technology to meet challenges Efforts must be focused on molecular design to obtain high-potential sodiated cathode materials. This would probably entail the identification of innovative n-type organic functional groups possibly guided by simulation and modelling. Furthermore, potential gain could still be possible by considering electronic effects acting on a redox centre of interest. Thus, the redox potential is classically increased at the molecular level (discrete entities) by introducing electron-withdrawing groups. More recently, it was demonstrated for a lithiated organic cathode that the electronic effects acting on a redox-active organic centre can be very efficiently mitigated in the solid state thanks to structural effects [66]. Alternatively, other OEMs can operate as cathodes thanks to p-type functionality with anionic compensation (figure 8). The latter, which is a redox system rarely encountered in inorganic materials, typically works at a higher potential than n-type redox centres, making these organic systems very appealing for Na-based batteries. For instance, several organic p-type polymer families are known to be stable in organic liquid electrolytes. Poly(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate) or PTMA represents a relevant example in this field which exhibits bipolar (n/p) electroactivity. From its initial state (centre of the half-reaction at the positive electrode in table 1, entry 5), PTMA can electrochemically accommodate a cation at 2.3 V vs. Na+/Na (in reduction) or an anion at 3.6 V vs. Na+/Na (in oxidation) [63]. However, in the case of the closely related poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-4-yl-1-oxyl vinyl ether) or PTVE, the cation insertion mechanism was shown to be unstable, and steady capacity was obtained with anion insertion alone (table 1, entry 6) [64]. Such p-type functionality gives access to high-potential materials which can be paired with n-type negative OEMs in a dual-ion cell configuration (table 1, entry 7) [65]. P-type OEMs are usually synthesised in their reduced state, making them suitable for a positive electrode without requiring an electrochemical pre-treatment. As monomers, they do not possess permanent negative charges to prevent dissolution in aprotic electrolytes, but polymeric p-type OEMs seem to be the most appropriate choice of positive electrode for Na-based batteries to achieve a combination of high potential and cycling stability. However, as underlined in figure 8(b), the electrolyte is a reservoir of ions for charge compensation within electrode materials which causes a depletion of ionic carriers during operation, requiring a larger volume of electrolyte. Strictly speaking, such a cell configuration cannot be considered to be a NIB, although promising electrochemical data upon cycling have been reported (table 1, entry 7). 19PDF Image | roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)