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Energies 2022, 15, 1611 19 of 23 References Methods to achieve more efficient, more environmentally friendly, and safer recycling must be the research hotspot in the coming years and beyond. The following research directions can be proposed to achieve these goals: 1. Understand the upstream and downstream materials of lithium battery production and clarify the target products of spent battery recycling. 2. Build a closed-loop industrial chain, reuse reagents, minimize the use of chemical reagents and emissions, and reduce the pressure of spent liquid treatment. 3. Understand the impurities that enter the recycling process, seek means to reduce the content of impurities, produce purer products, and improve the economic value and practicality of products. 4. Develop the products of all by-products in the actual industrial chain to improve the economy of the whole chain. 5. Research new processes that are more economical and environmentally friendly. Many researchers have explored new recovery techniques. Water leaching is a new method proposed in recent years. Li et al. [95] used water leaching to separate graphite, copper, and lithium using the water solubility of the binder. Lithium (92.82%) is leached at 80 ◦C, and graphite (100%) is shed. The spent cathode material obtained completely disso- ciated properties, and the efficiency of leaching lithium is comparable to that of acid due to the complete removal of the binder. Yao et al. [96] proposed a novel recovery technique for manganese from spent LIB cathode materials, including a vacuum reduction process and a gasification–condensation process. The manganese in the cathode material (NCM) is first decomposed to manganese oxide and then reduced to zero-valent manganese by using aluminum. The zero-valent manganese is separated from the rest of the material by gasifi- cation in the heating zone and condensation in the condensation zone. Some nanoflakes of zero-valent Mn (100 nm thickness) are found, indicating the potential of this process to produce nanoflake materials. No difficult spent water, toxic gases, or spent hazardous solids are found in the recovery process. Chlorination technology is a better idea to recover spent lithium batteries while solving the environmental problem concerning the difficulty of recycling and disposing of spent PVC and has high research value. However, the high pressure required in the process and the corrosion problems caused by the presence of chloride ions have high requirements for the equipment and are still in the laboratory stage. This technology needs to be further explored before it can be applied in production practice. Author Contributions: Writing original draft preparation, X.D.; supervision, W.Z. and M.X.; investigation and data curation, Z.R.; funding acquisition, J.C.; supervision and writing-review and editing, X.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Or, T.; Gourley, S.W.D.; Kaliyappan, K.; Yu, A.; Chen, Z. Recycling of mixed cathode lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook. Carbon Energy 2020, 2, 6–43. [CrossRef] 2. Chen, M.; Ma, X.; Chen, B.; Arsenault, R.; Karlson, P.; Simon, N.; Wang, Y. Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries. Joule 2019, 3, 2622–2646. [CrossRef] 3. Projection Total Lithium Demand Globally 2030|Statista. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/452025 /projected-total-demand-for-lithium-globally/ (accessed on 1 August 2020). 4. Meng, F.; McNeice, J.; Zadeh, S.S.; Ghahreman, A. Review of Lithium Production and Recovery from Minerals, Brines, and Lithium- Ion Batteries. Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev. 2021, 42, 123–141. [CrossRef] 5. Salazar, K.; McNutt, M.K. Mineral Commodity Summaries US Geological Survey; U.S. Department of the Interior: Reston, VA, USA, 2012. 6. Miao, Y.; Liu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Tan, Q.; Li, J. An overview of global power lithium-ion batteries and associated critical metal recycling. J. Hazard Mater. 2022, 425, 127900. [CrossRef] [PubMed]PDF Image | Recycling of Lithium Batteries
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)