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Energies 2022, 15, 1611 15 of 23 leachate with an extraction rate of 99.1%. Liu et al. [66] separated lithium (Li)-nickel (Ni)- cobalt (Co)-manganese (Mn) by tandem extraction with P227 (di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphonic acid) and P204 (di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid) extractants, respectively. At the same time, high-purity solid products, such as MnO2, Li2CO3, NiO, and Co3O4, are prepared through precipitation. The recoveries and purity of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese in the final products are 96.15%/100%, 91.54%/98%, 91.15%/93%, and 91.56%/100%, respectively. Nguyen et al. [67,68] found that Cyanex 301 (bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphonic acid) extracts copper better than other metal ions compared with Aiquat 336 (N-methyl- N,N,N-trioctylammonium chloride). Ion exchange with Teva-SCN resin allows the complete separation of Co from Mn. Mn is quantitatively extracted using a two-stage staggered flow extraction method with a mixture of propylamine 336 (trioctyl/decylamine mixture) and PC 88A (2-ethylhexyl hydrogen-2ethylhexyl phosphonate), adjusting the pH of the Co-free extract solution to 3. The synthetic ionic liquid (ALI-CY) is used for the complete extraction of Ni, and Li remains in the final extract solution. The metal ions in the loaded organic phase are completely reverse extracted with suitable reagents (5% aqua regia for Cu, 5% NH3 for Co, weak H2SO4 solution for Mn, and weak H2SO4 solution for Ni). 5. Biohydrometallurgy Biohydrometallurgy involves the use of microbial leaching to convert useful com- ponents of the system into soluble compounds and selectively dissolve them, enabling the separation of target and magazine components, and the recovery of valuable metals, such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Bahaloo-Horeh et al. [69], Mishra et al. [70], Zeng et al. [71], Roy et al. [72], Sadeghabad et al. [73], Cai et al. [74], and Heydarian et al. [75] used biohydrometallurgy to leach valuable metals from spent LIBs. Aspergillus niger is an effective fungus in the bioleaching process because of its ability to produce organic acids and chelating agents during its growth phase. It can solubilize metals based on three main mechanisms: Acidolysis, complexolysis, and redoxol- ysis. In acidolysis, biogenic acids leach metals by protonating oxygen atoms that cover the surface of metallic compounds. The association of protons and oxygen with water causes the metal to detach from the surface. The acidolysis mechanism is quite similar to the conventional acid-leaching mechanism [68]. Bahaloo-Horeh et al. [69] studied the use of a modified Aspergillus niger fungus to recover lithium, manganese, copper, aluminum, cobalt, and nickel from spent lithium-ion mobile phone batteries, developing a green, efficient, and simple process. The advantage of the adapted Aspergillus niger fungus is found to be its adaptation to heavy metals, producing more gluconic acid and increasing the leaching rate of metals. At a slurry concentration of 1% (w/v), the leaching rates of lithium, copper, manganese, aluminum, nickel, and cobalt by Aspergillus niger are 100%, 94%, 72%, 62%, 45%, and 38%, respectively. Mishra et al. [70] cultured Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans with elemental sulfur and ferrous ions as an energy source, and metabolites, such as sulfuric acid and ferric ions, are produced in the leaching medium. These metabolites help to dissolve metals in spent batteries, with cobalt biodissolving faster than lithium and Co leaching rates increasing from 41% to 65%. Zeng et al. [71] investigated the effect of copper ions on the leaching of LCO by Thiobacillus ferrous oxide (A.F). The results show that in the presence of 0.75 g/L copper ions, all of the cobalt (99.9%) enters the solution after 6 d of bacterial leaching, whereas in the absence of copper ions, the dissolution rate of cobalt is only 43.1% after 10 d. Roy et al. [72] increased the sulfuric acid content in the medium at high slurry densities using Thiobacillus ferrous oxide, and three cycles of incubation for 72 h resulted in the recovery of 94% cobalt and 60% lithium. Sadeghabad et al. [73] used Thiobacillus ferrous oxide acidophilus culture supernatants to extract zinc and manganese from spent button batteries. Manganese and zinc recoveries of 99% and 53%, respectively, are achieved by leaching with 10 g/L of spent button battery powder for 21 d at an initial pH of 2 and a temperature of 30 ◦C. Cai et al. [74] obtained ferrous oxide-based bacterial populations from neutral sludge in culture enrichment. They have a short leaching cycle and strong organic tolerance and have greater potential for application in the recycling ofPDF Image | Recycling of Lithium Batteries
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)