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Energies 2022, 15, 1611 9 of 23 Table 2. Several main pyrometallurgy processes. Active Ingredients LCO NCM LCO LCO LMO LNO NCM LCO NCM LCO Recycling and Disposal Methods pyrometallurgy pyrometallurgy pyrometallurgy pyrometallurgy, ultrasound assist pyrometallurgy thermal disengagement, thermal transformation vacuum pyrolysis Parameter Conditions LCO to H2SO4 ratio 2:1, 20% carbon content, heating temperature of 873 K, holding time 120 min NCM mixed with NH4Cl in a ratio of 1:3, roast at 623 K for 20 min LCO to urea ratio of 1:2, temperature 823 K, holding time 20 min heating temperature of 873 K, holding time 30 min, 4 mol/L H2SO4 leaching 1:1 mix of cathode and anode materials, heating temperature of 573 K, holding time 10 min 5:1 mix of cathode and anode materials, heating temperature of 1673 K, holding time 20 min 19:1 mix of cathode and anode materials, heating temperature of 923 K, holding time 60 min heating temperature of 973 K, holding time 30 min Leach Efficiency (%) Ref. Ni [28] [29] [30] 99 [31] 97.9 [32] [33] 97.1 [34] [35] Li Co 92 100 100 100 99.9 99 99 99.2 96 82.2 99.1 99 99 Mn 100 99 Some researchers used spent materials as additives to co-pyrolyze and recycle spent LIBs. Makuza et al. [31] mixed various cathode materials (LMO, LiNiO2, LCO) and graphite and reduction roasted them at 500 ◦C–1000 ◦C for 15–120 min. The roasted products are then dry ground at 3000 r for 1–10 min, and the lithium is leached out of them using ultrasound-assisted carbonic acid and evaporated and crystallized to obtain LiCO2 (purity greater than 99.5%). Ni, Mn, and Co in the filter residue are leached out using H2SO4, whereby the leaching rate is greater than 99% and the filter residue is graphite. Qiu et al. [32] mixed the dismantled spent LIB cathode material and anode material 1:1 and heated them in a heating furnace under vacuum to 1450 ◦C. Nickel and cobalt are obtained after vacuum reduction and separated by magnetic separation with a recovery of 97.91% for nickel and 99.21% for cobalt. Hossain et al. [33] heat-treated the cathode and anode foils in an argon atmosphere at 650 ◦C with a holding time of 5–30 min. The treated cathode and anode materials were ground into a fine powder, the cathode active material and anode powder are mixed in a 5:1 ratio, heat-treated at 1400 ◦C, and heat-treated in a tube furnace in an argon atmosphere for 20 min to recover cobalt with a purity of 96%. Ma et al. [34] used anode powder as a reducing agent with ternary lithium battery cathode material in an Ar gas atmosphere for reduction roasting, water leaching its product to recover lithium, and evaporation crystallization to obtain LiCO3. Ammonia leaching is used for the effective separation of Ni and Co, and the recoveries of Li, Ni, and Co are 82.2%, 97.1%, and 99.1%, respectively. The reactions involved are as follows: Co2+ +nNH2+ → Co(NH3)2+ (5) 3n Ni2+ +nNH2+ → Ni(NH3)2+ (6) 3n In recent years, some researchers have used vacuum pyrolysis to treat spent LIBs. Sun et al. [35] found that the cathode material is completely stripped from the aluminum foil by cathode powder consisting of LCO and CoO at a temperature of 600 ◦C, a vacuum evaporation time of 30 min, and a residual gas pressure of 1.0 kPa. The recovery rate of lithium cobalt is more than 99%. 4. Hydrometallurgy The hydrometallurgy process uses reagents such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), organic acids, and hydrogenPDF Image | Recycling of Lithium Batteries
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)