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Energies 2022, 15, 1611 6 of 23 2.1. Discharging Process Spent LIBs may contain a large amount of charge, and when the anode is in direct contact with the cathode, it will explode due to short circuit and spontaneous combustion and release a great deal of heat in a short period of time, while direct disassembly and shredding may trigger an explosive hazard. NaCl solution is often used as the medium for discharging spent LIBs. Zhu et al. [15] used a 5 wt% NaCl solution to completely discharge the spent LIBs for 24 h and then dried them naturally. The voltage is ensured by a voltmeter and is below 2.0 V. Yao et al. [16] used NaCl, FeSO4, and MnSO4 solutions for discharging spent LIBs, and the related results are shown in Figure 5. To compare the discharge efficiency of spent LIBs more intuitively, the concept of active discharge time (ADT) was introduced in the discharge system. Higher values of ADT correspond to lower efficiencies. It is found that 0.8 mol/L of NaCl solution and the FeSO4 solution is more environmentally friendly than the NaCl solution. Figure 5. (a) Discharge curves of NaCl solutions, (b) MnSO4 solutions, (c) FeSO4 solutions, (d) both 44 Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 24 and 0.8 mol/L of FeSO4 solution are the best discharge solutions for chemical discharge, chemical and physical methods. 2.2. Mechanical Process 2.2. Mechanical Process The discharged spent LIBs are disassembled and separated to obtain battery compo- The discharged spent LIBs are disassembled and separated to obtain battery nents such as electrode active material, collector fluid, and the battery shell. Then they components such as electrode active material, collector fluid, and the battery shell. Then are crushed, screened, magnetically separated, finely crushed, and sorted to obtain high- they are crushed, screened, magnetically separated, finely crushed, and sorted to obtain value materials. high-value materials. Wang et al. [17] investigated the effect of crushing size on the recovery rate by separat- Wang et al. [17] investigated the effect of crushing size on the recovery rate by ing the different components of LIBs in accordance with their crushing characteristics and separating the different components of LIBs in accordance with their crushing found that the smaller the crushing size, the higher the metal recovery rate, with the cobalt characteristics and found that the smaller the crushing size, the higher the metal recovery content increasing from 68% (0.5–1 mm) to 82% (<0.5 mm). Wuschke et al. [18] used a gap rate, with the cobalt content increasing from 68% (0.5–1 mm) to 82% (<0.5 mm). Wuschke rotary shear to crush LIBs, combining the processes of screening and sorting to separate the et al. [18] used a gap rotary shear to crush LIBs, combining the processes of screening and components of spent LIBs. Liu et al. [19] used a novel, highly selective, low-temperature sorting to separate the components of spent LIBs. Liu et al. [19] used a novel, highly grinding method to treat spent ternary LIBs. Compared with the conventional method, selective, low-temperature grinding method to treat spent ternary LIBs. Compared with the conventional method, the cathode material is more abrasive, the 0.15 mm particle size is greatly increased, and the recovery of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese is increased from 16% to 84%. Mechanochemical methods are often used in the pretreating treatment phase for the recovery of spent LIBs. Wang et al. [20] used dry ice as a co-polishing agent to destroy thePDF Image | Recycling of Lithium Batteries
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