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Matteerriiallss2021,,14,,6x8F43OR PEER REVIEW 98 of 156 Pt Pd Rh 100 80 60 40 20 0 Condition I-A SRM2557 Untreated Aqua regia 150oC, 1.5 h Condition I-A SRM2557 Untreated Condition I-B SRM2557 Calcined 12 M HCl 180oC, 2 h Condition I-C-1 SRM2557 + Li2CO3 Calcined Figure 5. Pt, Pd, and Rh leaching efficiencies in the solutions obtained under conditions I-A, I-B, Figure 5. Pt, Pd, and Rh leaching efficiencies in the solutions obtained under conditions I-A, I-B, and and I-C-1. I-C-1. Similarly, the amounts of Rh and Pd leached into HCl under condition I-A were 28.3% Similarly, the amounts of Rh and Pd leached into HCl under condition I-A were and 42.0%, respectively, which are less than half the quantities leached upon treatment with 28.3% and 42.0%, respectively, which are less than half the quantities leached upon treat- aqua regia. In contrast, the amounts of leached Rh and Pd under condition I-B increased to ment with aqua regia. In contrast, the amounts of leached Rh and Pd under condition I-B 76.9% and 75.9%, respectively, and they increased further to 86.5% and 85.0%, respectively, increased to 76.9% and 75.9%, respectively, and they increased further to 86.5% and 85.0%, under condition I-C-1. These results revealed that the calcination with Li2CO3 effectively respectively, under condition I-C-1. These results revealed that the calcination with Li2CO3 improved the Pt, Rh, and Pd leaching rates. effectively improved the Pt, Rh, and Pd leaching rates. The increased amount of leached PGMs observed upon Li-salt addition was attributed The increased amount of leached PGMs observed upon Li-salt addition was at- to the generation of composite oxides that are soluble in HCl. Moreover, the majority of tributed to the generation of composite oxides that are soluble in HCl. Moreover, the ma- PGMs were found to be leached using HCl alone when sample calcination was carried out jority of PGMs were found to be leached using HCl alone when sample calcination was in advance, even in the absence of Li salts. Although the reason for this remains unclear, it carried out in advance, even in the absence of Li salts. Although the reason for this remains is assumed to be due to the impact of compounds that can oxidize PGMs, such as Ce-oxide unclear, it is assumed to be due to the impact of compounds that can oxidize PGMs, such co-catalysts present in the spent autocatalysts. as Ce-oxide co-catalysts present in the spent autocatalysts. 3.2. Impact of Li2CO3 Concentration in Li Salt Mixture (Conditions I-C and II) 3.2. Impact of Li2CO3 Concentration in Li Salt Mixture (Conditions I-C and II) Figure 6 shows the amount of PGMs leached upon varying the ratio between Li2CO3 Figure 6 shows the amount of PGMs leached upon varying the ratio between Li2CO3 and LiF additives (conditions I-C-1, I-C-2, I-C-3, I-C-4, and I-C-5). As indicated, complete and LiF additives (conditions I-C-1, I-C-2, I-C-3, I-C-4, and I-C-5). As indicated, complete Pt leaching was achieved under condition I-C-1 (Li2CO3 concentration: 100 mass%). Al- Pt leaching was achieved under condition I-C-1 (Li2CO3 concentration: 100 mass%). Alt- though the amount of leached Pt slightly decreased as the amount of added LiF increased, hough the amount of leached Pt slightly decreased as the amount of added LiF increased, the former remained sufficiently high (95.3%) even at a LiF concentration of 100 mass% the former remained sufficiently high (95.3%) even at a LiF concentration of 100 mass% (condition I-C-5). Because these values were all higher than those achieved when leaching (condition I-C-5). Because these values were all higher than those achieved when leaching was carried out using aqua regia, the effects of Li-salt addition were observed. In contrast, was carried out using aqua regia, the effects of Li-salt addition were observed. In contrast, the maximum amounts of leached Rh and Pd were 86.5% and 86.1%, respectively, and there the maximum amounts of leached Rh and Pd were 86.5% and 86.1%, respectively, and was no clear correlation between these amounts and the concentration of Li2CO3 in the there was no clear correlation between these amounts and the concentration of Li2CO3 in Li-salt mixture. As seen in Figure 5, the leaching rates of Pt and Rh increased when using LthiesaLlit-ssanltdmHixCtul,rwe.hAilsestheeantoinfPFdigruermea5i,ntehdeulenacchhaingerda.teMsorfePovtearn,dahRihghinecrrPedasledacwhhinegn ruastienwgaLsiascahltisevaenddinHaCqlu,awrheigliea.thatofPdremainedunchanged.Moreover,ahigherPd leaching rate was achieved in aqua regia. PGMs leaching efficiency / %PDF Image | Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Auto Catalysts
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)