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Hence, two possible overall chemical reactions can be constructed, as shown below, when the battery is discharged [Eqs. (9) and (10)]: Na(s) + 1/2H2O(l) + 1/4O2(g)NaOH(aq) E = 3.11V (9) Na(s) + H2O(l)NaOH(aq) + 1/2H2(g) E = 1.88V (10) There is a large difference in the cell voltages between Reactions (9) and (10), depending on whether dissolved O2 is involved in the positive electrode reaction or not. In our experiment, the observed discharge voltage of ~2.9 V (vs. Na+/Na0) was much higher than the 1.88 V (vs. Na+/Na0) for the water-only reaction [Eq. (10)], but was similar to the 3.11 V (vs. Na+/Na0) for Reaction (9), suggesting O2 involvement in the positive electrode reaction. To confirm the effect of dissolved O2 on the discharge voltage of the seawater, O2 was removed by bubbling Ar/H2 (95:5 wt%) gas into the seawater for 20 h before discharging the cell. A sharp voltage decrease to 1.8 V (vs. Na+/Na0) from 2.9 V (vs. Na+/Na0) was observed in the Ar/H2-bubbled seawater cell under the same experimental conditions (Figure 2b). This experiment clearly demonstrates the contribution of dissolved O2 to the cell reaction with seawater. Similar results of voltage decreases in O2-free water have been reported in the literature.[9, 10] The pH value was estimated to confirm NaOH generation after discharge, and the value increased from 7.8 to 9.2, according to the NaOH production. Based on the charge (~4.05 V vs. Na+/Na0) and discharge voltages (~2.9 V vs. Na+/Na0) in the first cycle, a voltage efficiency of about 73% was obtained at a current rate of 0.1 mA cm-2 (Figure 2c). Moreover, the charge–discharge voltage and voltage efficiency remained constant after 6PDF Image | Rechargeable Seawater Battery
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)