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Author contributions G. Zhu and H. Dai. conceived the main idea of the project. G. Zhu and X. Tian performed the experiments and contributed equally to this work. G.Z. performed the mass spectroscopy measurement of species in the battery. H. –C. Tai, Z. –L. Huang and Y. –Y. Li prepared the aCNS raw material. H. –C. Tai performed the characterizations of aCNS (SEM, TEM, XRD etc.). J. Li, C. –S. Ku, W. -H. Hung, J. Kai and B. –J. Hwang performed characterizations of electrodes in battery. G. Zhu and H. Sun performed the LED demo of the Na/Cl battery. G. Zhu, P. Liang and M. Angell performed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. G. Zhu and H. Dai. prepared the manuscript. All authors participated in experimental data/results analysis and discussion; Competing interests Authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Information is available for this paper. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to H. Dai. (hdai1@stanford.edu). Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. References 1 Sun, H. et al. A safe and non- ammable sodium metal battery based on an ionic liquid electrolyte. Nature Communications 10, 3302, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11102-2 (2019). 2 Angell, M., Zhu, G., Lin, M.-C., Rong, Y. & Dai, H. Ionic Liquid Analogs of AlCl3 with Urea Derivatives as Electrolytes for Aluminum Batteries. Advanced Functional Materials 30, 1901928, doi:10.1002/adfm.201901928 (2020). 3 Zhu, G. et al. Rechargeable aluminum batteries: effects of cations in ionic liquid electrolytes. RSC Advances 9, 11322-11330, doi:10.1039/C9RA00765B (2019). 4 Lin, M.-C. et al. An ultrafast rechargeable aluminium-ion battery. Nature 520, 324-328, doi:10.1038/nature14340 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7547/abs/nature14340.html#supplementary-information (2015). 5 Angell, M. et al. High Coulombic e ciency aluminum-ion battery using an AlCl3-urea ionic liquid analog electrolyte. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, 834-839, doi:10.1073/pnas.1619795114 (2017). 6 Pan, C.-J. et al. An operando X-ray diffraction study of chloroaluminate anion-graphite intercalation in aluminum batteries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, 5670-5675, doi:10.1073/pnas.1803576115 (2018). 7 Di Lecce, D., Carbone, L., Gancitano, V. & Hassoun, J. Rechargeable lithium battery using non- ammable electrolyte based on tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether and olivine cathodes. Journal of Page 12/20PDF Image | Rechargeable NaCl Battery
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