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discharge plateau (Fig. 2e, Fig. 2f, Extended Data Fig. 5). During long retention times, Cl2 and SO2 in the system slowly recombined to form SO2Cl2, leading to the observed decrease in the 3.55 V Cl2 reduction plateau and increase in the SO2Cl2 discharge plateau of ~ 3.18 V (Fig. 2d). Although open circuit holding of battery for days would sacri ce the higher discharge plateau at ~ 3.55 V, battery capacity retention was ~ 99.9%, and the 3.55 V plateau was immediately restored in subsequent cycles and the battery could continue to cycle with excellent reversibility (Fig. 2g, Fig. 2h). Mass spectrometry also revealed that SCl2 in the battery increased when fully charged and decreased to ~ 0 when the battery was discharged (Extended Data Fig. 4, Text S1). This and the fact that SCl2 and S2Cl2 were known to be generated from oxidation of SOCl2 at a higher potential suggested that the small plateau in the beginning of the high discharge voltage of ~ 3.69 V (~ 20 mAh/g or 4% of total capacity) corresponded to SCl2/S2Cl2 reduction 10,18,27,28. The chemical compositions inside the Na/Cl battery evolved in charged and discharged state, but between cycles the composition was largely kept constant since the main redox reactions involving species of Cl2, SCl2, S2Cl2, SOCl2 and SO2Cl2 were largely reversible. The reduction product of NaCl formed by discharge reacted with AlCl4-•SOCl+ in the electrolyte to re-generate SOCl2 oxidized in the charging step, which was important to rechargeability of the Na/Cl battery 18. The Na/Cl battery cycled reversibly and stably for more than 100 cycles at a set speci c capacity of 500 mAh/g at 150 mA/g current (Fig. 3a). The reversible battery capacity of the Na/Cl cell was found to be up to ~ 1000 mAh/g with the charge – discharge curve maintaining its overall shape as capacity varied from 375 mAh/g to 1000 mAh/g, with the main ~ 3.83 V charge and ~ 3.55 V discharge plateaus simply extended their length and capacity (Fig. 3b, Fig. 3d). The battery could cycle reversibly at various speci c capacities and currents with no obvious decrease in coulombic e ciency (Fig. 3c). At lower currents the polarization voltage showed slight decreases (Fig. 3b, Fig. 3d). For a speci c capacity of 1000 mAh/g, the energy density that the ~ 3.5 V Na/Cl battery could deliver was ~ 3.5 Wh/g (based on aCNS mass) with an impressive energy e ciency of 92.4%. Importantly, throughout cycling of all of our Na/Cl battery coin cells, we encountered no safety problems. We found no pressurizing problems due to strong solvation of SO2, Cl2 species by SOCl2 SO2Cl2 and NaAlCl4 in the electrolyte. Since NaCl was the major species undergoing oxidation during charging, the upper limit of the charging capacity was set by the amount of NaCl deposited on the aCNS in the rst discharge. During the rst discharge, the high plateau at ~ 3.47 V produced NaCl reacting to neutralize the electrolyte (eq. 1). The lower plateau at ~ 3.27 V (~ 1400 mAh/g) led to the formation of NaCl deposits (eq. 2), which set an upper limit of the reversible Cl-/Cl2 capacity. We observed that the battery could cycle up to 1300 mAh/g close to the ~ 1400 mAh/g limit but with a poor cycle life likely caused by the reduced stability of the Na anode under higher charging conditions. Page 6/20PDF Image | Rechargeable NaCl Battery
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)