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Crystals 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 10 5 of 9 Figure 3. Current-time curve of Li||Li symmetrical cells with (a) DES-1, (b) DES-2, and (c) DES-3. Figure 3. Current-time curve of Li||Li symmetrical cells with (a) DES-1, (b) DES-2, and (c) DES-3. TThheeffllaameetteessttssoff((d))1MLLiPiPFF6 6EECC/D/EDCE,C(,e()eD) DESE-S1-,1(,f()fD) DESE-S2-,2a, nadnd(g()g)DDEES-S3-3wwitihthaatotorcrhchtuturnrneeddoonn (u(upp))aannddoofff((doown)).. Crystals 2022, 12, 1290 The above experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the DES electrolyte The high thermal stability and non-flammability of the electrolyte can reduce the risk with its non-flammability, high ionic conductivity, high Li+ transference number, and of battery in case of thermal runaway or short circuit. To further verify the potential of oxidation potential of up to 5.5 V. To take advantage of the DES electrolyte, we assembled DES as a safe electrolyte, flammability tests were carried out on conventional electrolytes cells with a high voltage LCO cathode and lithium metal as the anode to evaluate its and three DES electrolytes. As shown in Figure 3d–g, the conventional electrolyte is easily electrochemical performance at high voltages. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed ignited and poses a significant safety hazard in practical applications (Figure 3d). In con- to understand the electrochemical characteristics of high voltage LCO||Li cells with DES trast, all DES electrolytes cannot be combusted, which is attributed to the inherent non- electrolytes. As depicted in Figure 4a–c, the three DES electrolytes exhibit similar oxidation flammability of SN. This result demonstrates the remarkable safety of DES electrolytes. and reduction peaks in the first three cycles. The good reversible redox peaks demonstrate The above experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the DES electrolyte that the phase transition of LCO at high voltage (3.0–4.6 V) is highly reversible in the DES with its non-flammability, high ionic conductivity, high Li+ transference number, and ox- electrolyte. Furthermore, EIS measurements indicate that all three DES electrolytes possess idation potential of up to 5.5 V. To take advantage of the DES electrolyte, we assembled a low interfacial resistance (Figure 4d). cells with a high voltage LCO cathode and lithium metal as the anode to evaluate its elec- Figure 5a,b demonstrates the rate performance of three DES electrolytes; the DES-1 trochemical performance at high voltages. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed to delivers a reversible capacity of 170.9, 168.6, 162.8, 157.9, and 152.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, understand the electrochemical characteristics of high voltage LCO||Li cells with DES 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, and 2 C, respectively, and the capacity recovers to 170.3 mAh g−1 after electrolytes. As depicted in Figure 4a–c, the three DES electrolytes exhibit similar oxida- returning to 0.1 C. DES-2 exhibits better rate performance than DES-1, with a relatively tion and reduction peaks in the first three cycles. The good reversible redox peaks demon- high capacity of 188.3, 181.1, 171.9, 165.8, and 159.2 mAh g−1, at 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, strate that the phase transition of LCO at high voltage (3.0–4.6 V) is highly reversible in and 2 C, respectively, and the high capacity recovers to 187.8 mAh g−1 after returning to the DES electrolyte. Furthermore, EIS measurements indicate that all three DES electro- 0.1 C. In addition, the DES-3 delivers a reversible capacity of 178.8, 175.4, 169.8, 164.8, and lytes possess a low interfacial resistance (Figure 4d). 158.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, and 2 C, respectively, and the capacity recovers to 177.7 mAh g−1 after returning to 0.1 C. By contrast, carbonate-based electrolyte only delivers a reversible capacity of 174.8, 170.4, 166.5, 161.1, and 153.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, and 2 C, respectively. The better rate performance of DES-2 is mainly attributed to the higher Li+ transference number, which facilitates the rapid Li+ migration and reduces cell polarization.PDF Image | Non-Flammable Dual-Salt Deep Eutectic Electrolyte
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)