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4 General Conclusions As discussed above, immersion is a relatively rare, but significant safety scenario for electrified vehicle batteries. While numerous standards and recommended procedures exist for battery immersion testing, they significantly vary across several key characteristics, namely the duration of immersion, post-immersion observation requirements, and the salinity level used for testing. These efforts sought to address these identified issues in an exploratory fashion to investigate and highlight the need for additional, more targeted research in these areas. In addition to the exploratory goals of these efforts, the current rarity of in-field immersion events also suggests the need for background and example data for battery behaviors during these situations, as they may become more prevalent as overall electrified vehicle penetration increases. In support of this goal, testing performed during these efforts was able to create and provide over 450 GB of high-resolution images and movies during immersion and destruction for stakeholder engagement and education. Relative to observations made during experimentation, the batteries tested in these efforts did not show any observable issues during immersion (while in the water), suggesting improved immersion performance relative to earlier battery systems that were in some cases known to have thermal issues while in an immersion. Despite this improved immersion performance, several batteries were observed to have a possible issue (as evidenced by smoke/venting) following removal from the immersion. This also aligns with select incidents observed in-field where a thermal incident was initiated after a vehicle had been removed from the water (or the water drained). From these exploratory efforts, it appears that post-immersion observation and safety assessment is a key area for further investigation and research. Specifically, in this testing, two out of seven batteries produced smoke which could possibly highlight the initiation of an issue or be problematic on its own. As mentioned, the goal of this testing was not to observe if the issues grew to a thermal incident, so considerations must be made if smoke alone constitutes an acceptable condition, but this is outside the scope of research. While not intending to provide a specific procedural recommendation or suggestion, ISO 6469- 1:2019 does appear to touch upon most of the items highlighted in these efforts. It contains both a set immersion time as well as a set post-immersion observation time (2 hours in both cases), which is parallel to some of the observations from these efforts. Short immersion times also appear to be an area of interest, although it is unclear how realistic a 15-minute immersion time would be for an actual incident. That said, a shorter immersion time may be a beneficial option to identify any unexpected system-level issues that may otherwise be very difficult to investigate. 27PDF Image | Li-Ion Battery Pack Immersion Exploratory Investigation
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