PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 008
Membranes 2022, 12, 990 8 of 10 Taking the highest OCV values achieved in the study, the theoretical power output that would be expected from that RED unit was calculated via Ohm’s Law: OCV2 P=R (2) stack where P is the theoretical maximum power, and Rstack is the stack resistance for the given operating conditions which can be determined from the following equation [32]: N dCdD Rstack = A ∗ RAEM + RCEM + ConcC + DiluteC + Relectrodes (3) where N is the number of cell pairs, A is the membrane area, RAEM, RCEM are the anion- and cation- exchange membrane resistances respectively, dC dD, are dilute and concentrate channel thicknesses respectively and ConcC and DiluteC are the concentrate and dilute stream concentrations, respectively. The maximum theoretical power density that could be delivered by the power cell was calculated using the equation below: Pd,max = OCV2 4 ∗ A ∗ Rstack The representative power demand of a commercial standard pacemaker was previ- ously given in the study by Haeberlin et al. [33]. In the mentioned study, it was concluded that the average demand for a commercialized pacemaker was around 40 μW/cm2. For a membrane area of 27 mm2 and dilute and concentrate channel heights of 0.5 mm, the maximum power and power density that the RED power cell could deliver were found to be around 10 μW and 38.5 μW/cm2, respectively. Therefore, based on the power studies, the integrated salt cartridge RED device is capable of powering up a biomedical device solely on the salinity gradient energy, by exhibiting a power output performance in the right order of magnitude. Theoretically, assuming that no adverse effects of membrane fouling are observed, for a 5-year continuous operation of a pacemaker with 8 μW of energy input demand, a total of 1262 Joules of energy should be implemented salt-cartridge integrated RED cell. Knowing the fact that 1 eV is equal to ~2 × 10−19 Joules [34], a simple calculation was performed to estimate how much salt was needed to support the pacemaker continuously. It was calculated that the cartridge added a total of 7.41 g NaCl salt to the RED concentrated solution. This amount was feasible when the physiological concentrations were taken into consideration, as the upper limit of a healthy blood Na+ level for humans was given as 145 mEq/L [35]. Also, considering an average human consists of 42 L of water, the total Na+ present in the body stream sums up to 140 g in total. Moreover, a study published in the American Society for Nutrition has reported that the upper limit for a Na intake that could lead to acute toxicity was 1 g of Na/kg body weight [36]. Therefore, it could be concluded that an addition of 7.41 g over 5 years can be facilitated without adverse side effects. Moreover, the integrated device could open a promising pathway for the devices in the lower-energy scale, including drug pumps and sensors, which could be tested in situ for the future remarks of this study. 4. Conclusions A miniaturized salt cartridge was built to improve the performance of a miniaturized RED unit. The effect of different parameters on the salt transport performance in the salt cartridge unit was discussed and analyzed. Higher concentration gradients between the feed and donor solution within the cartridge unit led to a higher average salt transport in the cartridge. In addition, it was possible to alter the amount of salt transport by changing the flow rate of the feed stream coming into the cartridge. A 50% salt increase could be achieved with moderate NaCl concentrations for the donor solution such as 100 g/L. The salt cartridge unit was then connected to an RED power cell and demonstrated an increasedPDF Image | Integrated Salt Cartridge-Reverse Electrodialysis
PDF Search Title:
Integrated Salt Cartridge-Reverse ElectrodialysisOriginal File Name Searched:
membranes-12-00990.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)