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408 Waste Management & Research 40(4) temperature on the discharge profile is negligible. However, it is possible to hypothesize a series of opposing effects which leads to this observation. On the one hand, conductive metals have a large number of valence electrons, which conduct electricity via free movement in the lattice. As temperatures increase, atomic vibrations in the lattice also increase, leading to more collisions and hindrances in the movement of the electrons, which in turn leads to a decrease in electrical conductivity. A decrease in con- ductivity should logically lead to a worse discharge profile. In addition, as temperatures increase, the corrosion of metals in salt solutions also increases (Li et al., 2011), which could additionally lead to less favorable discharge profiles. On the other hand, an increase in temperature also leads to higher solubility of salts and lower sedimentation rates. Since sedimentation is observed to be one of the main problems in the process, it is rational to assume that the less the sedimentation on the conducting surfaces, the better the discharge should be. Hence, in fact, the opposing effects of decreased conductivity and increased corrosion on the one hand and the decreased sedimentation rate on the other are more or less cancelling each other out. Furthermore, it has been previously shown that the corrosion of metals is dependent on the temperature, with copper showing a dramatic increase beyond 70°C under particular testing conditions (Perissi et al., 2006). The reason attributed to the increase of corrosion at higher tem- peratures is due to the fact that the diffusion of oxygen increases. This also influences the parameters in the Arrhenius equation, which ultimately determine (and increase) the corrosion rate (Ahmad, 2006; Davis, 2000; McCafferty, 2010; Popov, 2015). Proposed setup for discharge by immersion Previously, the idea of immersing the batteries into salt solutions in order to speed up the discharge process has been investigated. However, Ojanen et al. (2018) claim that the reports presented in the electrochemical battery discharge articles are inaccurate, and that the capacity loss is due to battery degradation rather than discharge. They also mention that the immersion method causes corrosion, damages the battery cover, and leaks its electrolytes and internal materials into the solution. However, Lu et al. (2013) reported that using a less concentrated solution such as 1% NaCl results in no corrosion, requiring more than 1hour to fully dis- charge the batteries (Lu et al., 2013). In order to overcome the problems previously reported, while achieving shorter discharge durations, the setup in Figure 7 has been proposed. The proposed setup, which is simple and can be scaled up to meet industrial needs, takes advantage of the fact that only the immersion of the tips of the battery into the salt solution is required for discharge (rather than the entire battery body). With this creatively simple configuration, the salt solution has minimal intrusion into the battery and therefore concerns regarding leakage of the battery materials into the solution are minimized. In addition, adequately high salt concentrations can be used which considerably reduce the discharge time. Figure 7. The proposed configuration results in minimum contact between the batteries and the salt solution while providing quick and safe discharge. For instance, in this study, it was observed that complete dis- charge of the battery is possible in less than 5 minutes in 5% NaCl solution. In this way, direct contact damage was minimized, and since the test time was short, there was no significant corrosion or deposition witnessed on the battery tips. This effective configuration was used consistently and satis- factorily in a separate study conducted by our group (Jafari et al., 2020) in which after discharge, the LIBs were thermally and ultrasonically treated to separate and purify the cathodic powder without the need for chemical solvents. Conclusion Prior to downstream recycling processes, it is imperative to con- duct pretreatment steps on spent LIBs. The discharge step is criti- cally important for the safety of the recycling process, because if the batteries are not discharged, there is always a risk of the anode and cathode short-circuiting, potentially causing fires and explosions. There are several ways to discharge batteries, but electrochemical discharge using salt solutions has proven to be simple, fast, and inexpensive. So far, there is no consensus in the literature on the time and concentration for the appropriate electrochemical solution for discharge. For further elucidation, in this study, the discharge of 3.82V Apple iPhone 6 batteries with NaCl, Na2S, and MgSO4 solutions was investigated. In discharge tests, NaCl showed the most favorable discharge profile followed by Na2S. Solutions containing MgSO4 were not capable of fully discharging the batteries. The main problem in the battery discharge process was the deposition of sediments and the corrosion of the electrodes. Variation of temperature did not yield significant differences. However, when ultrasonication was used, very positive effects were observed, and the discharge time was reduced to less than 2 hours. This is because the problem of sedimentation was over- come via the action of ultrasonic waves. Finally, a simple yet effective configuration was proposed, by which the batteries are vertically immersed inside the salt solution. 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