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5. Overall summary As increasing demands for renewable energy sources, the developments of large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) are essential for load leveling and peak shaving. Among the various ESSs, lithium-ion batteries are considered as one of the mature technologies. However, their long-term sustainable use may be limited because of the steeply rising prices of Li, Co-containing raw materials and anode materials due to the increasing demand for LIBs in electric vehicles and large-scale ESSs. In chapter 2, we introduced a new battery system that does not affected by the price of cathode materials. The key elements in seawater batteries, a coin-type cell, a flow-cell tester, and their key compartments were designed and fabricated by trial and error and the testing environment was also determined. We examined the wettability of seawater on the carbon felt cathode current collector and its effect on the charge-discharge cycling performance. We also showed that the flow of the seawater catholyte reduced ΔV (~0.7 V) by 36% from ~1.1 V under no flow state. After normalizing the cell design and testing conditions, a comparative test was performed to identify the key elements for improving cell performance. Finally, the battery performance was improved by using electrocatalysts materials in cathode. Through this process, we were able to optimize the coin-type seawater batteries. The problem of seawater batteries is the low voltage efficiency due to the sluggish kinetic of oxygen evolution reactions (OER) and oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). In Chapter 3, we demonstrated an efficient photoelectrochemical-assisted rechargeable seawater battery. Cell design was implemented by considering the factors affecting the solar seawater battery system. Then, an anatase- TNTs photoanode, which has various advantages among photoelectrodes, was selected as one sample. We performed cell tests by using optimized a solar seawater cell and TNTs photoanode. The results showed that the charging voltage was reduced by ~29% compared to that of the existing HCF cathode. Charging/discharging is possible only with a TNTs photoanode. When the charge/discharge parts are operated separately, the voltage efficiency increased further to ~109%. We also developed a single device that could test the performances of the photoanode and applied it to the solar seawater battery, and subsequently, we were able to significantly reduce the operating voltage of the solar seawater battery by using photoelectrode and solar energy. Further experiments on various candidates for photoelectrodes should be conducted by using the optimized solar seawater cell with other than TNTs photoanode. In chapter 4, new Pb-O-C composite anodes were synthesized for SIBs and seawater batteries by simple high energy ball milling process. HEXRD analysis indicated that the Pb-O-C composites were reduced Pb metal during high energy ball mill. The Pb-O-C composites particles displayed very stable discharge capacity-cycling behavior with discharge capacity of ~220 mAh/g at the 100th cycle. The capacity retention was as high as 99% over 100 cycles. The good cycling performance and high capacity 109PDF Image | China solar seawater battery
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |