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Figure 63 (a) and (b) exhibit voltage profiles of the first and second cycles of the commercial PbO and Pb3O4, respectively. Both samples show similar voltage profiles and Differential capacity plots (dQ/dV). The cycling performance at a rate of 100 mA/g for 100 cycles. During the first discharge of the commercial PbO particles, as shown in Figure 63, the voltage decrease sharply to 0.5 V, and then followed by a small slope. When the voltage continues to decrease to 0.2 V, obvious plateau appears, which delivers ~350 mAh/g of specific capacity and then followed by a gradual voltage decrease to the cut-off value. Both the commercial PbO and Pb3O4 showed poor cycle stability during 100 cycles (Figure 65). On the other hand, interestingly, the Pb-O-C composite #1 and Pb-O-C composite #2 exhibited very stable cyclability (Figure 64). In addition, there is a distinct initial voltage profiles differences between lead oxide particles and Pb-O-C composite particles (Figure 64). One big difference is that there is no long voltage plateau in the first discharge curve of the Pb-O-C composite particles, which indicates that lead oxide is reduced Pb metal during high energy ball mill process. The initial voltage profiles of Pb-O-C composite particles are consistent with that of the Pb metal anode. There are five peaks in the dQ/dV plots. The peaks of 1.1 V, 0.5 V, 0.33 V, 0.15 V and 0.1 V can be found in order of dQ/dV curves. During discharging, electrolyte decomposition occurs at the metal surface in ~1.1 V. When we compared with voltage profile and Na-Pb binary phase diagram, the second plateau during sodiation terminates at a composition that roughly corresponds to NaPb3. Third plateau occurs with the end composition corresponding to NaPb. The next plateau is roughly correlated with Na9Pb4. Final plateau with the end composition close to Na15Pb4. During charging (desodiation), the reverse reaction occurs. In summary, the process for the discharge (sodiation) of Pb-O-C composite mechanism is as follows; Pb → NaPb3 → NaPb → Na9Pb4 → Na15Pb4 This process is completely reversible during the subsequent charging (desodiation) as the same phases are observed to reform. 101PDF Image | China solar seawater battery
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |