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4.1 Introduction The ever-growing demand for electrical energy storage in portable electric devices, electric vehicles (EVs) and large scale energy storage systems (ESSs) necessitates the development of new high- performance and low-cost electrode materials. Compared to the continuing deployments of new generations of cathodes such as LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4, and Li(Ni1-x-yMnxCoy)O2, carbon-based materials have still been the standard choice of anode since the first commercialization of lithium-ion batteries.151-166 Recent developments of room-temperature sodium-ion batteries also provide more material options for cathode than for anode. Therefore, exploration of new anode materials is of critical importance for the advancement of lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. Among many alloying and conversion type materials studied for anode, lead and lead oxides have advantages of low cost and high volumetric energy density. Despite their potential for new anode for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, the lead-based materials have received little attention mainly because of their toxicity issue. And another problem is poor cyclablility due to large volume change. Large volume change of Pb-based anodes during alloying/dealloying process significantly limits their practical application. The fully sodiated (discharging) phase of Pb, Na15Pb4, has a theoretical capacity fo 485 mAh/g and volumetric capacity is 4365 mAh/cm3, corresponding to a 365% volume expansion. However, lead has been one of the most recycled materials with a high global recycling rate close to 99 % in the United States (Figure 53).147 As such, with the progress of lithium- and sodium-ion battery recycling technologies and by using carbon as a buffer to prevent volume expansion, lead-based materials could become a viable contender for high-energy, low-cost anodes. In this work, we show novel Pb-O-C composite anodes synthesized by simple high energy ball milling process. The electrochemical data tested in sodium cells show higher reversible capacity and improved cycle stability when compared to previously reported data of lead and lead oxides materials.139, 149 The reaction mechanism and effect of composite structure in the improved performance were investigated. 88PDF Image | China solar seawater battery
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |