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Chapter 4 Pb-based composite anodes for sodium-ion and seawater batteries Anode materials that undergo alloying and conversion type electrochemical reactions are studied as alternative electrodes to graphite and hard carbon with the promise of higher capacities, and potentially higher energy densities. Little studied however are lead (Pb) and lead oxides (PbO, Pb3O4) that have advantages of low cost and high volumetric energy density.138-150 In fact when the Argonne BatPaC model is used with Pb as anode, and layered sodium transition metal oxide cathode are coupled together the energy density for a sodium-ion pouch cell design is 549 Wh/L, and the cost is projected quite low at 63.5 USD/kWh. These metrics are certainly competitive with many grid storage battery systems. However, lead toxicity is a concern. But, Pb has always been one of the most recycled materials in the world, with a high recycling rate close to 99 % in the United States.71 Certainly, with the rapid in-line progress of lithium- and sodium-ion battery recycling technologies, lead-based materials could become a viable contender for high-energy, low-cost anodes in the future if the performance can be improved and validated. In this study, we report novel Pb-O-C composite anodes synthesized by simple high energy ball milling process. The electrochemical test data from sodium cells show higher reversible capacity and improved cycle stability when compared to previously reported data of lead and lead oxides materials.148, 149 The reaction mechanism and effect of composite structure with improved performance are discussed in detail. 87PDF Image | China solar seawater battery
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)