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In order to confirm the feasibility of reducing the charging voltage of the solar seawater battery integrated with the photoelectrochemical electrode (TNTs/Ti), we compared the photocharging effects of TNTs as the photoanode and HCF as the cathode current collector for the existing seawater battery. The theoretical charging voltage of the seawater battery was ~3.48 V in seawater (pH ~8). The test was carried out under 1 Sun illumination and in the dark for 1 min each (Figure 48 (a)). When we charged the seawater battery with the HCF cathode current collector, the charging was performed consistently at ~3.8 V at 0.015 mA cm-2 regardless of the presence of sunlight. In contrast to HCF, for the TNTs photoanode, the charging was performed at a high voltage of ~5.1 V in the dark because of sluggish OER reactions. Meanwhile, the charging voltage was reduced to ~2.7 V under illumination (theoretical photocharging voltage of ~2.05 V, Vphotocharge = ECB – ENa+/Na), which corresponds to a charging voltage reduction of ~29%. As a result, we concluded that the charging voltage of the seawater battery can be effectively lowered through photoelectrochemical water oxidation, thus leading to enhancement of the voltaic efficiency. The TNTs photoanode was employed not only for the charging process, but also for the discharging process (Figure 48 (b)). When charging and discharging were carried out under the condition of 0.015 mA cm-2, the existing seawater cell with the HCF cathode was charged at ~3.8 V and discharged at ~2.9 V. On the other hand, under solar illumination on the TNTs photoanode, the charge and discharge proceeded at ~2.65 V and ~2.50 V, respectively. In the case of the HCF cathode, the voltage efficiency was ~76%, while the TNTs showed a relatively higher voltage efficiency of ~94%. This confirmed that an efficient high voltage battery can be obtained by using TNTs photoanode. Also, as shown in Figure 48 (b), two voltage regions were identified in the charging/discharging process of the HCF cathode current collector. During the charging/discharging processes, the initial slope regions between ~2.9 V and ~3.6 V were formed by non-faradaic reactions through anion (Cl-, SO42-, etc) adsorption/desorption, and then, this was followed by OER after ~3.6 V and ORR after ~2.9 V corresponding to plateau regions.136, 137 On the other hand, the TNTs photoanode showed only a single plateau region arising from mainly OER/ORR throughout the photocharging/discharging processes. Consequently, the high performance bifunctional (photo)electrocatalytic activity of TNTs in photocharging/discharging processes was found to be beneficial for obtaining high energy efficiency in the solar seawater battery. The discharge process of a solar seawater battery proceeds via the ORR on the photoelectrode. Because TNTs/Ti mesh is chemically stable in seawater, it is very useful as a photoanode not only for charging, but also for discharging in a solar seawater battery. We found that TNTs photoanode exhibited very stable cycling performance during the charging and discharging cycles (Figure 48 (c)). Moreover, we observed no significant structural and morphological change of TNTs photoanode from SEM images before (Figure 49 (a)) and after (Figure 49 (b)) the cycles. The discharging voltage was higher when using the HCF cathode (~2.9 V) than when using the TNTs photoanode (~2.5 V) during the discharging 78PDF Image | China solar seawater battery
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |