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Energies 2022, 15, 2805 13 of 14 References Author Contributions: Conceptualization, G.K. and J.K.O.; methodology, M.P., L.E.C.-M., B.A.M., H.I.K., G.K. and J.K.O.; formal analysis, M.P., L.E.C.-M. and B.A.M.; investigation, M.P., L.E.C.-M. and B.A.M.; resources, H.I.K., G.K. and J.K.O.; data curation, M.P., L.E.C.-M. and B.A.M.; writing— original draft preparation, M.P., L.E.C.-M. and B.A.M.; writing—review and editing, M.P., L.E.C.-M., B.A.M., H.I.K., G.K. and J.K.O.; visualization, M.P.; supervision, H.I.K., G.K. and J.K.O.; project administration, H.I.K., G.K. and J.K.O.; funding acquisition, G.K. and J.K.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the Purdue Polytechnic Institute for providing funding for M. Parhizi to conduct this research. The authors also acknowledge Kyle R. Crompton for preparing single-blind samples (SBS#1 and SBS#2) used for analysis in the present study. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Goodenough, J.B.; Park, K.S. The Li-ion rechargeable battery: A perspective. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1167–1176. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Shah, K.; Balsara, N.; Banerjee, S.; Chintapalli, M.; Cocco, A.; Chiu, W.K.S.; Lahiri, I.; Martha, S.K.; Mistry, A.; Mukherjee, P.P.; et al. State of the Art and Future Research Needs for Multiscale Analysis of Li-Ion Cells. J. Electrochem. Energy Convers. Storage 2017, 14, 020801. [CrossRef] 3. Scrosati, B.; Garche, J. Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 2419–2430. [CrossRef] 4. Parhizi, M.; Ahmed, M.; Jain, A. Determination of the core temperature of a Li-ion cell during thermal runaway. J. Power Sources 2017, 370, 27–35. [CrossRef] 5. Wang, Q.; Mao, B.; Stoliarov, S.I.; Sun, J. A review of lithium ion battery failure mechanisms and fire prevention strategies. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2019, 73, 95–131. [CrossRef] 6. Rothermel, S.; Evertz, M.; Kasnatscheew, J.; Qi, X.; Grützke, M.; Winter, M.; Nowak, S. Graphite Recycling from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ChemSusChem 2016, 9, 3473–3484. [CrossRef] 7. Horsthemke, F.; Friesen, A.; Mönnighoff, X.; Stenzel, Y.P.; Grützke, M.; Andersson, J.T.; Winter, M.; Nowak, S. Fast screening method to characterize lithium ion battery electrolytes by means of solid phase microextraction—gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 46989–46998. [CrossRef] 8. Ellis, L.D.; Buteau, S.; Hames, S.G.; Thompson, L.M.; Hall, D.S.; Dahn, J.R. A New Method for Determining the Concentration of Electrolyte Components in Lithium-Ion Cells, Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Machine Learning. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A256–A262. [CrossRef] 9. Gachot, G.; Ribière, P.; Mathiron, D.; Grugeon, S.; Armand, M.; Leriche, J.-B.; Pilard, S.; Laruelle, S. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry as a Suitable Tool for the Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Degradation Mechanisms Study. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 478–485. [CrossRef] 10. Gachot, G.; Grugeon, S.; Jimenez-Gordon, I.; Eshetu, G.G.; Boyanov, S.; Lecocq, A.; Marlair, G.; Pilard, S.; Laruelle, S. Gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared/mass spectrometry coupling: A tool for Li-ion battery safety field investigation. Anal. Methods 2014, 6, 6120–6124. [CrossRef] 11. Schultz, C.; Vedder, S.; Streipert, B.; Winter, M.; Nowak, S. Quantitative investigation of the decomposition of organic lithium ion battery electrolytes with LC-MS/MS. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 27853–27862. [CrossRef] 12. Petibon, R.; Rotermund, L.; Nelson, K.J.; Gozdz, A.S.; Xia, J.; Dahn, J.R. Study of Electrolyte Components in Li Ion Cells Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2014, 161, A1167–A1172. [CrossRef] 13. Terborg, L.; Weber, S.; Passerini, S.; Winter, M.; Karst, U.; Nowak, S. Development of gas chromatographic methods for the analyses of organic carbonate-based electrolytes. J. Power Sources 2014, 245, 836–840. [CrossRef] 14. Thompson, L.M.; Stone, W.; Eldesoky, A.; Smith, N.K.; McFarlane, C.R.M.; Kim, J.S.; Johnson, M.B.; Petibon, R.; Dahn, J.R. Quantifying Changes to the Electrolyte and Negative Electrode in Aged NMC532/Graphite Lithium-Ion Cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A2732–A2740. [CrossRef] 15. Weber, W.; Kraft, V.; Grutzke, M.; Wagner, R.; Winter, M.; Nowak, S. Identification of alkylated phosphates by gas chromatography- mass spectrometric investigations with different ionization principles of a thermally aged commercial lithium ion battery electrolyte. J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1394, 128–136. [CrossRef] [PubMed]PDF Image | Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries
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