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= +( ∙ ) = +( ∙ ) (5) Energies 2022, 15, 2805 as x = (y − b)/m. Note that y is the measured peak area with a precision index (random 7 of 14 where t was the student’s multiplier for 95% confidence, which for N = 3, 5, and 10, was 4.303, 2.776, 2.365, 2.262 [23]. From the calibration curves, the concentration of each compound can be determined error), b is the intercept with fixed errors, and m is the slope with fixed errors. Therefore, the fixed and random error associated with concentration, x, can be determined as follows: error), b is the intercept with fixed errors, and m is the slope with fixed errors. Therefore, = + = (6) the fixed and random error associated with concentration, x, can be determined as follows: The total uncertaintyassociated with concentration of a compound, x, can be written as: ∂x 2 BR = URm as: 3. Results and Discussion 2 ∂x SR = 2 ∂x ∂m ∂b ∂y + Sy The total uncertainty associated with concentration of a compound, x, can be written URb (6) (7) Ux =B2 +t×S 2 (7) RR = +( × ) 3.1. Testing the Accuracy of Identification and Quantitation of Carbonates by Using 3. Results and Discussion GC×GC/FID 3.1. Testing the Accuracy of Identification and Quantitation of Carbonates by Using GC×GC/FID Carbonate compounds were identified using GC×GC/FID, based on their first- and Carbonate compounds were identified using GC×GC/FID, based on their first- and second-dimension retention times (1D-RT and 2D-RT) of each carbonate. Figure 2 shows second-dimension retention times (1D-RT and 2D-RT) of each carbonate. Figure 2 shows a a three-dimensional chromatogram obtained by using GC×GC/FID for the 100% calibra- three-dimensional chromatogram obtained by using GC×GC/FID for the 100% calibration tion solution. All the compounds were completely separated by GC×GC, allowing each solution. All the compounds were completely separated by GC×GC, allowing each carbon- carbonate to be detected without interference from the others. Table 3 summarizes the ate to be detected without interference from the others. Table 3 summarizes the retention retention times as well as the slope and the Y-intercept for the calibration curve of each times as well as the slope and the Y-interc2ept for the calibration curve of each carbonate. carbonate. Linear correlation coefficients (R ) were found to be greater than 0.977 for all Linear correlation coefficients (R2) were found to be greater than 0.977 for all cases. cases. Figure 2. Three-dimensional chromatogram exhibiting effective separation of the carbonates in the Figure 2. Three-dimensional chromatogram exhibiting effective separation of the carbonates in the 10100%0%cacliablirbartaiotinonsosloultuiotinonwwhehnenusuinsigngthtehGe CG×CG×CG/FCI/DFsIDyssteymste. m. Table 3. GC×GC/FID calibration results including the retention times and linear correlation param- Table 3. GC×GC/FID calibration results including the retention times and linear correlation parame- eters for common organic solvents found in Li-ion batteries. ters for common organic solvents found in Li-ion batteries. Compound 1D-RT (s) 2D-RT (s) Slope Y-Intercept 2 R2 Compound 1D-RT (s) 2D-RT (s) Slope Y-Intercept R DMC 171 171 0.695 9.82 × 107 −7.79 × 105 0.9987 DMC 0.695 9.82 × 107 1.89 ×8 108 −7.79 × 105 −7.07 × 1505 0.9987 EMC 240 1.160 1.89 × 10 2.00 ×8 108 −7.07 × 10 −4.17 × 1606 0.9970 EMC 240 1.160 0.9970 DEC 351 1.740 2.00 × 10 −4.17 × 10 66 0.9952 DEC 351 1.740 0.9952 0.9867 VVCC 1.0815.085 77 PC 1.090 1.38 × 108 2.27 × 106 2.27 × 10 −2.98 × 105 0.9774 PC 1194 1.090 1.38 × 10 8 6 0.9774 EC 1206 0.890 8.36 × 107 0.9831 408408 1194 9.099×.0910× 10 −1−.513.5×3 1×010 3.2. LOD and LOQ of the GC×GC/FID Method As shown in Figure 3, the minimum concentration of all the carbonate solvents, i.e., DMC, EMC, DEC, VC, PC, and EC, visually detected by the GC×GC/FID method was 0.2% at a signal to noise ratio of 50, corresponding to injections of 0.084, 0.080, 0.077, 0.110, 0.098, and 0.106 ppm in acetone for DMC, EMC, DEC, VC, PC, and EC, respectively.PDF Image | Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)