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Processes 2020, 8, 1362 15 of 17 the Bi element is environmentally friendly and pollution-free, which means that Mg–8%Al–0.4%Bi alloy is a promising electrode material for the anode of seawater-activated batteries. Author Contributions: Data curation, X.M.; writing—review and editing, C.W. and W.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Kerr, S.; Watts, L.; Colton, J.; Conway, F.; Hull, A.; Johnson, K.; Jude, S.; Kannen, A.; MacDougall, S.; McLachlan, C.; et al. Vergunst, Establishing an agenda for social studies research in marine renewable energy. Energy Policy 2014, 67, 694–702. [CrossRef] 2. Skjong, E.; Volden, R.; Rodskar, E.; Molinas, M.; Johansen, T.A.; Cunningham, J. Past, Present, and Future Challenges of the Marine Vessel’s Electrical Power System. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. 2016, 2, 522–537. [CrossRef] 3. Zhou, W.; Hao, F.; Fang, D. The effects of elastic stiffening on the evolution of the stress field within a spherical electrode particle of lithium-ion batteries. Int. J. Appl. Mech. 2013, 5, 1350040. [CrossRef] 4. Zhou, W. Effects of external mechanical loading on stress generation during lithiation in Li-ion battery electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 185, 28–33. [CrossRef] 5. Wen, L.; Yu, K.; Xiong, H.; Dai, Y.; Yang, S.; Qiao, X.; Teng, F.; Fan, S. Composition optimization and electrochemical properties of Mg-Al-Pb-Zn alloys as anodes for seawater activated battery. Electrochim. Acta 2016, 194, 40–51. [CrossRef] 6. Wang, N.; Wang, R.; Peng, C.; Feng, Y.; Chen, B. Effect of hot rolling and subsequent annealing on electrochemical discharge behavior of AP65 magnesium alloy as anode for seawater activated battery. Corros. Sci. 2012, 64, 17–27. [CrossRef] 7. Yu, K.; Tan, X.; Hu, Y.; Chen, F.; Li, S. Microstructure effects on the electrochemical corrosion properties of Mg-4.1% Ga-2.2% Hg alloy as the anode for seawater-activated batteries. Corros. Sci. 2011, 53, 2035–2040. [CrossRef] 8. Wilcock, W.S.D.; Kauffman, P.C. Development of a seawater battery for deep-water applications. J. Power Sources 1977, 66, 71–75. [CrossRef] 9. Hasvold, Ø.; Størkersen, N. Electrochemical power sources for unmanned underwater vehicles used in deep sea survey operations. J. Power Sources 2001, 96, 252–258. [CrossRef] 10. Hwang, S.M.; Park, J.S.; Kim, Y.; Go, W.; Han, J.; Kim, Y.; Kim, Y. Rechargeable Seawater Batteries—From Concept to Applications. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1804936. [CrossRef] 11. Shinohara, M.; Araki, E.; Mochizuki, M.; Kanazawa, T.; Suyehiro, K. Practical application of a sea-water battery in deep-sea basin and its performance. J. Power Sources 2009, 187, 253–260. [CrossRef] 12. Hasvold, Ø.; Lian, T.; Haakaas, E.; Størkersen, N.; Perelman, O.; Cordier, S. CLIPPER: A long-range, autonomous underwater vehicle using magnesium fuel and oxygen from the sea. J. Power Sources 2004, 136, 232–239. [CrossRef] 13. Feng, Y.; Wang, R.; Peng, C. Researches and applications of magnesium anode materials in seawater battery. Chin. J. Nonferrous Metals 2011, 21, 259–268. 14. Feng, Y.; Xiong, W.; Zhang, J.; Wang, R.; Wang, N. Electrochemical discharge performance of the Mg–Al–Pb–Ce–Y alloy as the anode for Mg–air batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 2016, 4, 8658–8668. [CrossRef] 15. Wang, N.; Li, W.; Huang, Y.; Wu, G.; Hu, M.; Li, G.; Shi, Z. Wrought Mg-Al-Pb-RE alloy strips as the anodes for Mg-air batteries. J. Power Sources 2019, 436, 226855. [CrossRef] 16. Wu, J.; Wang, R.; Feng, Y.; Peng, C. Effect of hot rolling on the microstructure and discharge properties of Mg-1.6 wt%Hg-2 wt%Ga alloy anodes. J. Alloys Compd. 2018, 765, 736–746. [CrossRef] 17. Wang, H.H.; Du, M.; Liang, H.; Gao, Q.Y. Study on Al-Zn-In Alloy as Sacrificial Anodes in Seawater Environment. J. Ocean Univ. 2019, 18, 889–895. [CrossRef] 18. Liu, X.; Xue, J.; Zhang, D. Electrochemical behaviors and discharge performance of the as-extruded Mg-1.5 wt%Ca alloys as anode for Mg-air battery. J. Alloys Compd. 2019, 790, 822–828. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Alloy Anode for Seawater Batteries and Related Mechanisms
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