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US 8,397,506B1 12 TURBO-ALTERNATOR-COMPRESSOR DESIGN FOR SUPERCRITICAL HIGH DENSITY WORKING FLUIDS STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST This invention Was developed under Contract DE-AC04 94AL85000 betWeen Sandia Corporation and the US. Department of Energy. The US. Government has certain rightsintheinvention. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1.FieldoftheInvention Thepresentinventionrelatestotechniquesforgenerating poWer. More particularly, the invention relates to techniques for generating poWer using a thermodynamic system With a Working?uidpassingtherethrough. 2. Background of the Related Art VariousdeviceshavebeendevelopedtogeneratepoWerto20 perform necessary Work. For example, engines have been designedtopropelvehicles,operatefactoryequipmentand generateelectricity.Some suchenginestakeaninput,suchas coal, gas or other fuel, and convert such fuel into an output, typicallyintheformofkineticenergy,toperformtheWork. 25 Overtime,poWergeneratorshavebeenre?nedinaneffort to improve performance and/or e?iciency. Advancements in performance have enabled the development of more sophis ticateddevicescapableofoperatinghighpoWerequipment, suchasnuclearreactors,rocketsand/orjetengines.See,for 30 example,thetechnologypathofturbomachineryasdescribed inC.DellaCorte,GasBearingDevelopmentforSCO2Appli cations, Presentation at NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland,Ohio,2006. OneenhancementofpoWergenerationisthedevelopment 35 of the Brayton Cycle (sometimes referred to as the Joule Cycle).WiththeBraytonCycle,Working?uidiscompressed by a compressor and passed through a turbine to generate poWerforperformingdesiredWork.TheBraytonCycletypi callyinvolvesaclosedloopsystemthatreturnsthe?uidfrom 40 the turbine back to the compressor for reuse. Examples of Brayton Cycles are described in the folloWing articles: WrightS.A.,PreliminaryResultsofDynamicSystemModel foraClosed-LoopBraytonCycleCoupledtoaNuclearReac tor,âProceedings1stInternationalEnergyConversionEngi 45 neeringConference,Portsmouth,Va.,(Aug.17-21,2003); Steven A. Wright, Measured and Modeled Turbomachinery Operating Characteristics in a Closed Brayton Cycle Test Loop, ANS Winter Meeting, Albuquerque, N. Mex., (Nov. 12-16,2006),p.855-57;S.A.Wright,RobertFuller,et.al.,50 Operational Results of a Closed Brayton Cycle Test-Loop, ProceedingsofSpaceTechnologyandApplicationsInterna tionalForum (STAIF-2005)Albuquerque, N. Mex. (February, 2005), pg 699; S. A. Wright, and R. J. Lipinski Operational CurvesforHTGRâsCoupledtoClosedBraytonCyclePower 55 ConversionSystems,ProceedingsofInternationalCongress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants, Reno, Nev. (Jun. 4-8 2006); S. A. Wright and R. J. Lipinski, Self-Driven Decay HeatRemovalinaGCR ClosedBraytonCyclePowerSystem, Proceedings ofInternational Congress on Advances in 60 Nuclear Power Plants, Reno Nev., (Jun. 4-8, 2006); S. A. WrightandP.S.Pickard,ImpactofClosedBraytonCycleTest Results on Gas Cooled Reactor Operation and Safety, Pro ceedings ofInternational Congress on Advances in Nuclear PowerPlants,Nice,France(May13-18,2007);StevenA. 65 Wright, Non-Nuclear Validation Test Results of a Closed BraytonCycleTest-Loop,ProceedingsofSpaceTechnology andApplicationsInternationalForum (STAIF-2007),Albu querque, N. Mex., (Feb. 11-15, 2007); AIP Conference Pro ceedings, Volume 880, (2007) pp. 157-166; and Steven A. Wright,SupercriticalBraytonCycleNuclearPowerSystem Concepts,inProceedingsofSpaceTechnologyandApplica tions International Forum (STAIF-2007), Albuquerque, N. Mex.,(Feb.11-15,2007);AIPConferenceProceedings,Vol ume 880, (2007) pp. 597-604. Variousfactorsmay affecttheoperationofpoWergenera tion systems. For example, inef?ciencies, such as Windage, can affect performance as described in J. E. Vrancik, Predic tionofWindagePowerLossinAlternators,NASA Technical Note,NASA TN-D-4849 (October1968),theentirecontents ofWhichisherebyincorporatedbyreference.Additionally, certain ?uids used in a poWer generation system can affect operation as described, for example, in V. Dostal, M. J. Driscoll,P.HejZlar,ASupercriticalCarbonDioxideCyclefor Next Generation Nuclear Reactors, MIT-ANP-TR-lOO (Mar. 10,2004),theentirecontentsofWhichisherebyincorporated byreference. Despite the previous advancements in poWer generation, there remains a need to provide techniques for dealing With thevariousoperationalfactorsand/oroptimiZingtheopera tionofpoWergenerationsystems.ItisdesirablethatpoWer generation systems utiliZe closed loop Brayton Cycles that arecapableofoperatingatevensupercriticalconditions(e.g., high-pressureandhighdensity).Insuchcases,itisdesirable to provide features to isolate components of the system from harsh conditions, provide hermetic conditions and/or to handletheloadsappliedtothesystem.Preferably,suchsys tems are capable of cooling components, reducing losses and/or failures, operating at even extreme conditions (e.g., highthrustloads,pressuresand/ordensities)and/orother Wiseenhancingoperation.Thepresentinventionisprovided to address these and other needs. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In at least one aspect, the present invention relates to a thermodynamic system for generating poWer including a housing, a turbine positioned in a turbine cavity of the hous ing, a compressor positioned in a compressor cavity of the housing,analternatorpositionedinarotorcavitybetWeenthe turbineandcompressorcavities,andapluralityofridges extending from the loW-pressure face of the compressor for pumping a Working ?uid as itpasses over the compressor. The compressor has a high-pressure face facing an inlet of the compressorcavityandaloW-pressurefaceonanopposite side thereof. The alternator has a rotor shaft operatively con nected to the turbine and compressor, and is supported in the housing by bearings. The Working ?uid is pumped by the ridges, Whereby a pressure differential betWeen the high pressurefaceandtheloW-pressurefaceisreduced,suchthat thrust is balanced across the compressor. In another aspect, the present invention relates to a ther modynamic system for generating poWer for performing Work including a housing, a turbine positioned in a turbine cavityofthehousing,acompressorpositionedinacompres sor cavity of the housing, an alternator positioned in a rotor cavitybetWeentheturbineandcompressor,andapluralityof sealspositionedaboutthealternatorforselectivelyisolating therotorcavityfromtheturbineandcompressorcavities.The alternatorhasarotorshaftoperativelyconnectedtothetur bine and compressor, and is supported in the housing by bearings.ThesealsselectivelyisolatetherotorcavityfromPDF Image | United States Patent Wright et a1. TURBO-ALTERNATOR-COMPRESSOR DESIGN FOR SUPERCRITICAL HIGH DENSITYWORKING FLUIDS
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