PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 007
US 8,212,088B2 78 The ?rsttWo reactionsareexothermicWithheatofreaction equalto—21.7kcal.mol_land—9.8kcal.mol_l,respectively, and result in a decrease in volume. Conversion to methanol is favored by increasing the pressure and decreasing the tem perature according to Le Chatelier’s principle. The third equation describes the endothermic reverse Water gas shift reaction(RWGSR). Carbonmonoxideproducedinthethird reactioncanfurtherreactWithhydrogentoproducemethanol. Synthesisgasformethanolproductioncanbeobtainedby reformingorpartialoxidationofanycarbonaceousmaterial, such as coal, coke, natural gas, petroleum, heavy oil, and asphalt. The composition of syn-gas is generally character iZed by the stoichiometric number S, corresponding to the equationshoWnbeloW. (moles H2—moles CO2) _ (moles CO+moles CO2) Ideally,Sshouldbeequaltoorslightlyabove2.Avalueabove 2 indicates excess hydrogen, While a value beloW 2 indicates relativehydrogende?ciency.Reformingoffeedstockhaving ahigherH/C ratio,suchaspropane,butaneornaphthas,leads toSvaluesinthevicinityof2,idealforconversiontometha nol.When coalormethaneisused,hoWever,additionaltreat ment isrequired to obtain an optimal S value. Synthesis gas from coal requires treatment to avoid formation of undesired byproducts.Steamreformingofmethaneyieldssyn-gasWith a stoichiometric number of 2.8 to 3.0, and requires loWering theSvaluecloserto2byaddingCO2 orusingexcesshydro gen insome otherprocess such as ammonia synthesis. HoW ever,naturalgasisstilthepreferredfeedstockformethanol productionbecauseitoffershighhydrogencontentand,addi tionally, the loWest energy consumption, capital investment and operating costs. Natural gas also contains feWer impuri tiessuchassulfur,halogenatedcompounds,andmetalsWhich may poisonthecatalystsusedintheprocess. 20 25 30 35 itinvolvestransformationofmethane inanoxidativereaction to carbon monoxide (and some CO2), Which in turn must be reduced to methanol. Itishighlydesirableandadvantageoustoproducemetha nol Without ?rst producing syn-gas. It Would be further advantageous to use an abundant, practically unlimited resource such as carbon dioxide via its chemical recycling as the carbon source to produce methanol. For example, US. Pat. No. 5,599,638, the entire content of Which is incorpo rated herein by reference thereto, discloses production of methanol, and related oxygenates and hydrocarbons, based on a carbon dioxide-based regenerative fuel cell concept. When hydrocarbons areburnedtheyproduce carbondiox ideandwater.Itisofgreatsigni?cance,ifthisprocesscanbe reversed and an ef?cient and economic process can be found to produce methanol from carbon dioxide and Water to be subsequentlyusedforenergystorage,fuelsandproductionof synthetic hydrocarbons. In plant photosynthesis, carbon dioxideiscapturedfromtheairandconvertedWithWaterand solarenergyintoneWplantlife.Conversionofplantlifeinto fossilfuel,hoWever,isaverylongprocess.Thus,ititishighly desirable to develop a process for chemical recycling carbon dioxide to produce hydrocarbon in a short, commercially feasible time scale. Carbon dioxide is knoWn to be photochemically or elec trochemically readily reduced to formic acid With form aldhydeandmethanolbeingformedinonlysmalleramounts. DirectelectrochemicalreductionofCO2 intomethanolunder pressurealsoprovidesmethylforrnate.Catalytichydrogena tionofcarbondioxideWithhydrogengasusingheteroge neouscatalystsprovidesmethanoltogetherWithWaterasWell asformicacidandformaldehyde.Asthegenerationofneeded hydrogen from Water or stilexisting hydrocarbon sources, primarilymethaneishighlyenergyconsuming,theproduc tionofmethanolWithequimolaramountofWaterasWellas other side products from carbon dioxide isnot practical. No e?icient Ways for the selective high yield, high selectivity economical chemical conversion of carbon dioxide to metha nol alone is presently knoWn. High selectivity laboratory reductionofcarbondioxidetomethanolWasachievedonly With complex metal hydrides, such as lithium aluminum hydrideWhichisextremelycostlyandthereforenotsuitedfor thebulkproductionofmethanol. Attempts have been made to chemically convert CO2 to methanolandsubsequentlytoahydrocarbonbycatalyticor electrochemical hydrogenation. Catalysts based on metals and their oxides, in particular copper and Zinc, have been developedforthisprocess.Thesecatalystsareunexpectedly similartotheonescurrentlyusedfortheconventionalmetha nolproductionviasyn-gas.ItisnoW realiZedthatmethanolis mostprobablyformedalmostexclusivelybyhydrogenation ofCO2 containedinsyn-gasonthesurfaceofthecatalyst.To beconvertedtomethanol,CO presentinthesyn-gas?rst undergoesaWatergasshiftreactiontoformCO2 andH2,and theCO2thenreactsWithhydrogentoproducemethanol.One of the limiting factors for large scale use of such methanol conversionprocessistheavailabilityoftheneededCO2 and H2. While CO2 can be obtained relatively easily in large amounts from various industrial exhausts, hydrogen is pres entlymainlyproducedfromfossilfuel-basedsyn-gasand therefore has limited availability. Further, generation of hydrogen from fossil fuels has a high energy requirement. Eventually,hoWever,hydrogenistobeproducedbyelectro lyZingsplittingWater,hoWever,alsoinhighlyenergeticpro cesses. Other methods for hydrogen production from fossil fuels have been investigated, including the “Camol” process, in Theexistingprocessesinvariablyemployextremelyactive40 and selective copper-based catalysts, differing only in the reactordesignandcatalystarrangement.Becauseonlypartof syn-gas is converted to methanol after passing over the cata lyst, the remaining syn-gas is recycled after separation of methanolandWater.Thereisalsoamorerecentlydeveloped 45 liquidphaseprocessformethanolproduction,duringWhich syn-gas is bubbled into liquid. Although the existing pro cesseshavemethanolselectivitygreaterthan99% andenergy ef?ciencyabove70%,crudemethanolleavingthereactorstil contains Water and other impurities, such as dissolved gas (e.g., methane, CO, and CO2), dimethyl ether, methyl for mate,acetone,higheralcohols(ethanol,propanol,butanol), and long-chain hydrocarbons. Commercially, methanol is availableinthreegradesofpurity:fuelgrade,“A”grade, generally used as a solvent, and “AA” or chemical grade. Chemical grade has the highest purity With a methanol con tentexceeding99.85%andisthestandardgenerallyobserved in the industry for methanol production. The syn-gas genera tionandpuri?cationstepsarecriticalintheexistingpro 60 cesses,andtheendresultWouldlargelydependonthenature and purity of the feedstock. To achieve the desired level of purity,methanolproducedbytheexistingprocessesisusually puri?edbysu?icientdistilation.Anothermajordisadvantage oftheexistingprocessforproducingmethanolthroughsyn 65 gasistheenergyrequirementofthe?rsthighlyendothermic steam reforming step. The process is also inef?cient because 55PDF Image | CHEMICAL RECYCLING OF CO2 TO METHANOEDIMETHYL ETHER
PDF Search Title:
CHEMICAL RECYCLING OF CO2 TO METHANOEDIMETHYL ETHEROriginal File Name Searched:
US8212088.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)