PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 004
US 8,212,088B2 12 EFFICIENTAND SELECTIVE CHEMICAL RECYCLING OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO METHANOL, DIMETHYL ETHER AND DERIVED PRODUCTS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/766,408 ?led Jun. 21, 2007 now US. Pat. 7,608,743, Which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11/402,050?ledApr.12,2006nowUS. Pat.No.7,605,293, Whichclaimsthebene?tofprovisionalapplications60/671, 651 ?led Apr. 15, 2005 and 60/763,678 ?led Jan. 30, 2006. The content of each application is expressly incorporated hereinbyreferencethereto. BACKGROUND 10 20 indirectmethanolfuelcell(DMFC),inWhichmethanolis directlyoxidiZedWithairtocarbondioxideandWaterWhile producingelectricity. Contrarytogasoline,Whichisacomplexmixtureofmany different hydrocarbons and additives, methanol is a single chemicalcompound.Itcontainsabouthalftheenergydensity ofgasoline,meaningthattWolitersofmethanolprovidesthe same energy as a liter of gasoline. Even though methanol’s energy content is loWer, it has a higher octane rating of 100 (averageoftheresearchoctanenumber(RON)of107and motor octane number (MON) of 92), Which means that the fuel/air mixture can be compressed to a smaller volume beforebeingignited.ThisalloWstheenginetorunatahigher compression ratio (10-11 to 1 against 8-9 to 1 of a gasoline engine), more ef?ciently than a gasoline-poWered engine. E?iciency is also increased by methanol’s higher “?ame speed,”Whichenablesfaster,morecompletefuelcombustion in the engines. These factors explain the high ef?ciency of methanoldespiteitsloWerenergydensitythangasoline.Fur ther,torendermethanolmoreignitableevenunderthemost frigidconditions,methanolcanbemixedWithgasoline,With volatilecompounds(e.g.,dimethylether),Withothercompo nents or With a device to vaporiZe or atomiZe methanol. For example, an automotive fuel can be prepared by adding methanoltogasolineWiththefuelhavingaminimumgaso line content of at least 15% by volume (M85 fuel) so that it can readily starteven inloW temperature environments M20 fuel(With20% addedmethanoltogasoline)ispresentlyintro duced in China. Of course, any replacement of gasoline in suchfuelsWillconserveoilresources,andtheamountof methanol to add can be determined depending upon the spe ci?cenginedesign. Hydrocarbons are essential in modern life. Hydrocarbons are used as fuel and raW material in various ?elds, including thechemical,petrochemical,plastics,andrubberindustries. Fossilfuels,suchascoal,oilandgas,arecomposedofhydro carbonsWithvaryingratiosofcarbonandhydrogen,andis25 non-reneWably used When combusted, forming carbon diox ide and Water. Despite their Wide application and high demand, fossil fuels present a number of disadvantages, including the ?nite reserve, irreversible combustion and con tributiontoairpollutionandglobalWarming.Considering30 these disadvantages, and the increasing demand for energy, alternative sources of energy are needed. One such alternative frequently mentioned is hydrogen, andtheso-called“hydrogeneconomy.”Hydrogenisbene? cialasacleanfuel,producingonlyWaterWhencombusted. 35 Freehydrogen,hoWever,isnotanaturalenergysource,andits ThishelpsremoveheataWayfromtheengineandenablesthe generation from hydrocarbons or Water is a highly energy consuming process. Further, When hydrogen is produced from hydrocarbons, any claimed bene?t of hydrogen as a cleanfuelisoutWeighedbythefactthatgenerationofhydro 40 gen itself, mainly by reforming of natural gas, oil or coal to synthesisgas(“syn-gas”)amixtureofCO andH2,isfarfrom clean.Itconsumes fossilfuels,Withaquarteroftheenergyof the fuel being lost as heat. Hydrogen is also not a convenient energystoragemediumbecauseitisdif?cultandcostlyto 45 handle,store,transportanddistribute.As itisextremelyvola tileandpotentiallyexplosive,hydrogengasrequireshigh pressure equipment, costly and non-existent infrastructure, special materials to minimiZe diffusion and leakage, and extensivesafetyprecautionstopreventexplosions. ItWas suggestedthatamore practicalalternativeismetha nol. Methanol, CH3OH, is the simplest liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon,differingfrommethane(CH4)byasingleaddi tional oxygen atom. Methanol, also called methyl alcohol or Woodalcohol,isacolorless,Water-solubleliquidWithamild 55 alcoholicodor,andiseasytostoreandtransport.ItfreeZesat —97.6° C., boils at 64.60 C., and has a density of0.791 at 200 C. Methanol is not only a convenient and safe Way to store energy,but,togetherWithitsderiveddimethylether(DME), 60 is an excellent fuel. Dimethyl ether is easily obtained from methanol by dehydration and is an effective fuel particularly indieselenginesbecauseofitshighcetanenumberandfavor able properties. Methanol and dimethyl ether can be blended Withgasolineordieselandusedasfuels,forexamplein65 internal combustion engines or electricity generators. One of the most ef?cient use of methanol is in fuel cells, particularly use of an air-cooled radiator instead of a heavier Water-cooled system. Thus, compared to a gasoline-poWered car, a metha nol-poWeredengineprovidesasmaller,lighterengineblock, reducedcoolingrequirements,andbetteraccelerationand mileage capabilities. Methanol is also more environment friendlythangasoline,andproducesloWoverallemissionsof airpollutantssuchashydrocarbons,NOX, S02 andparticu lates. Methanol is also one of the safest fuels available. Com paredtogasoline,methanol’sphysicalandchemicalproper ties signi?cantly reduce the risk of ?re. Methanol has loWer volatility, and methanol vapor must be four times more con centrated than gasoline for ignition to occur. Even When ignited,methanolburnsaboutfourtimessloWerthangaso line,releasesheatonlyatone-eighththerateofgasoline?re, andisfarlesslikelytospreadtosurroundingignitablemate rials because of the loW radiant heat output. It has been esti mated by the EPA that sWitching from gasoline to methanol Wouldreduceincidenceoffuel-related?reby90%.Methanol burns With a colorless ?ame, but additives can solve this problem. Methanol also provides an attractive and more environ ment-friendly alternative to diesel fuel. Methanol does not producesmoke,soot,orparticulatesWhencombusted,in contrast to diesel fuel, Which generally produces polluting particles during combustion. Methanol also produces very loWemissionsofNOx becauseitburnsataloWertemperature thandiesel.Furthermore,methanolhasasigni?cantlyhigher vaporpressurecomparedtodieselfuel,andthehighervola tility alloWs easy start even in cold Weather, Without produc ing White smoke typical of cold start With a conventional 50 Methanol has a latent heat of vaporiZation of about 3.7 times higher than gasoline, and can absorb a signi?cantly largeramountofheatWhenpassingfromliquidtogasstate.PDF Image | CHEMICAL RECYCLING OF CO2 TO METHANOEDIMETHYL ETHER
PDF Search Title:
CHEMICAL RECYCLING OF CO2 TO METHANOEDIMETHYL ETHEROriginal File Name Searched:
US8212088.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)