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In 1985, there were only 11 countries reporting an installed capacity of over 100 MWt. By 1990 this number had increased to 14, and by 1995 to 15. At present there are 18 countries reporting over 100 MWt of installed capacity. CATEGORIES OF UTILIZATION The 1995 and 2000 data is divided in Table 2 among the following individual uses in terms of capacity and energy utilization for comparison: Table 2. Categories of Utilization of Geothermal Energy World-Wide _________________________________________________ Capacity MWt 2000 1995 6,849 1,854 4,954 2,579 1,371 1,085 525 1,097 69 67 494 544 238 Figure 1 presents the 2000 data in a pie-chart form in percentages. We attempted to separate individual space heating and district heating, but this was often difficult as reporters did not make this distinction. An approximate separation was made based on the authors’ personal knowledge of the situation in the particular country. A preliminary estimate place 75 % (27.6 % of the total) of the space heating use in district heating. S now melting is the majority of the Cooling and Snow Melting Figure (0.52 vs. 0.08% of the total). Other, include mainly e arthquake monitoring and recuperation in China, tourism in J apan, and animal husbandry in Tunisia. Category Geothermal Heat Pumps: Space Heating Greenhouse Heating Aquaculture pond heating Agricultural Drying Industrial Uses Bathing and Swimming Cooling and Snow Utilization TJ/yr 2000 1995 23,214 14,617 59,696 38,230 19,035 15,742 10,757 13,493 954 1,124 10,536 10,120 35,892 15,742 Figure 1b. Categories of Energy Use in % for 2000. 1,796 1,085 108 115 In comparing with the 1995 data (Freeston, 1995, 1996), it is necessary to note that there is a difference in quality of the numbers and the number of countries submitting information. In fact, if one only adds the MWt for 2000 for the countries that submitted data in 1995, we get 15,450 MWt, thus the new countries have only contributed 759 MWt or about 5% to the total. Comparing the energy, the 2000 total of the countries listed in 1995 is 150,107 TJ/yr, thus the new countries add only11,902 TJ/yr or about 7% to the 2000 total. Geothermal Heat Pumps Geothermal (ground source) heat pumps has had the largest growth since 1995, almost 59% or 9.7% annually, of which almost all occurred in the United States and Europe. The installed capacity is 6,850 MWt and the annual energy use is 23,214 TJ/yr in 26 countries. The actual number of installed units is around 500,000, however, data is incomplete for this figure. The equivalent number of 12 kW units installed is slightly over 570,000. The 12kW equivalent is used as typical of homes in the United States and some western European countries. However, the size of individual units range from 5.5 kW (Poland and Sweden) for residential use to large units of over 150 kW (Germany and the United States) for commercial and institutional installations. In the United states most units are sized for the peak cooling load and are oversized for heating (except in the northern states) and thus, are estimated to average only 1,000 full-load hours per year (capacity factor of 0.11). In Europe, most units are sized for the heating load and are often designed to provide just the base load with peaking by fossil fuel. As a result, these units may operate from 2,000 to 6,000 full-load hours per year (capacity factor of 0.23 to 0.68). Unless, the actual number of full load hours were known, a value of 2,200 hours were used for energy output (TJ/yr) calculations for several of the European countries based on reporting by Rybach and Sanner (1999). The energy reported for heat pum ps was also reduced from the installed capacity based on a COP (coefficient of performance) of 3.0, which allowed for one unit of energy input (usually electricity) to three units of energy output. Thus the geothermal component is 67% of the energy output. Melting Others 43 TOTAL 16,209 8,664 _________________________________________________ 968 1,124 957 2,249 162,009 112,441 Lund and Freeston Others (0.59%) Snow Melting/Air Cond. (0.60%) Bathing (22.15%) Industrial (6.50%) Ag. Drying (0.59%) Aquaculture (6.64%) Greenhouses (11.75%) Heat Pumps (14.33%) Space Heating (36.85%) (0.27%) Snow Melting/Air Cond. (0.67%) Bathing (11.08%) Industrial (3.05%) Ag. Drying (0.43%) Aquaculture (3.24%) Greenhouses (8.46%) Space Heating (30.56%) Heat Pumps (42.25%) Figure 1a. Categories of Capacity in % for 2000. 3PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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