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WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 2000 John W. Lund1 and Derek H. Freeston2 1Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, Oregon, USA 2Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand Keywords: direct-use, low enthalpy, spas, balneology, space heating, aquaculture, greenhouses, heat pumps, crop drying, industrial, snow melting ABSTRACT The worldwide application of geothermal energy for direct utilization is reviewed. This paper attempts to update the previous survey carried out in 1995 by one of the co-authors (Freeston) and presented at the World Geothermal Congress in Florence, Italy. For each of these updates since 1975, the recording of data has been similar, but not exactly the same. As in 1995, an effort was made to quantify geothermal heat pump data and the investment in geothermal energy development. Final update papers were received from 60 countries, of which 55 reported some form of geothermal direct utilization. An estimate of the installed thermal power at the end of 1999 (1995 in brackets) from the current reports is 16,209 MWt [8,660 MWt] utilizing at least 64,416 kg/s [37,050 kg/s] of fluid, and the thermal energy used is 162,009 TJ/yr [112,441 TJ/yr]. The distribution of the thermal energy used by category is approximately 37% for space heating, 22% for bathing and swimming pool heating, 14% for geothermal heat pumps, 12% for greenhouse heating, 7% for aquaculture pond and raceway heating, 6% for industrial applications, less than 1% each for agricultural drying, snow melting, air conditioning and other uses. The reported data for number of wells drilled was 1,028, work by professional over the five-year period was 3,363 pers on-years, and the total investment over the five years was 841 million US$, indicating minimum values. INTRODUCTION Approximately a year in advance, forms for the update for electric and direct-use of geothermal energy were mailed to representatives in 85 countries in preparation for the World Geothermal Congress 2000 (WGC2000) in Japan. The forms, consisting of eight tables, were updated from those utilized in the 1995 survey, especially in terms of how to make the necessary calculations for installed power and energy utilized. The tables were also made available on the Internet through the Geo-Heat Center web site. These eight tables were to be completed, where applicable, and attached to the various country update papers submitted to WGC2000. Approximately 75 countries responded with abstracts, and then 65 of these with draft papers and 60 with a final paper of which 55 countries had some direct utilization of geothermal energy. Unfortunately, not all countries responded in a similar manner, as some had only limited exploration data to report, while others had difficulty obtaining temperature and flow data for the various uses. In some cases, with the help of the authors extensive knowledge and international experience, reasonable estimates were made of various uses, especially that for geothermal heat pumps, pools and resorts. We often had to refer to other publications for data to augment the country update papers. The authors plan to update and/or correct the data after WGC2000 . The assumption used in the analysis were similar to that use in previous survey with the methods of calculation listed at the top of the various tables, namely: Installed thermal power (MWt) = m (kg/s) x (ti - to) (oC) x 0.004184 Energy Used (TJ/yr) = annual average flow rate (kg/s) x (ti - to) (oC) x 0.1319 Capacity factor = TJ/yr x 0.03171/MWt where m = max. flow rate, ti - inlet temperature, and to = outlet temperature. Both swimming pools and other aspects of balneology are included where they are identified. Heat pumps, as in 1995, are included and they make a significant contribution to the totals . DATA SUMMARY Table 1 is a summary, by country, of the peak flow rates, capacity, annual utilization, and capacity factor, wells drilled, professional person-years and investment reported by the various authors. There are 55 countries reporting use, as compared to 28 in 1995 and 24 in 1985. The maximum flow rate is at least 54,416 kg/s, an increase of 51.2% over 1995, total capacity is 16,210 MWt, an 87.1% increase over 1995, and energy utilization is 162,009 TJ/yr, a 44.1% increase over 1995. These numbers correspond to an 8.61% annual compounded growth for flow rate, a 13.35% annual compounded growth for capacity, and a 7.58% annual compounded growth for utilizati on over this five-year period. Thus, it appears that the growth rate has increased in recent years, despite the low cost of fossi l fuels, economic down turns, and other factors. It should be noted that part of the growth from 1995 to present is due to better reporting, and includes some countries with geothermal uses that were missed in previous reports. The capacity factor is an indication of the amount of use (i.e., a capacity factor of 1.00 would indicate that the system is used at a maximum the entire year, and 0.5 would indicate using the system for 4,380 equivalent full-load hours per year). The world wide average for the capacity factor is 0.32 compared to 0.41 in 1995. Again, as in 1995, the countries with the largest utilization are China, Iceland and the United States, with Turkey moving into the top four, together accounting for over half (54%) of the world’s geothermal energy utilization. Austria, Canada, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey have produced the largest energy utilization increase in the past five years by almost doubling their use; the first four country’s increase is due to geothermal heat pump installations and Turkey’s due to the numerous new district heating systems brought on line. 1PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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