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Information Administration (EIA). Their forecast estimates that the nation will add 222 GW of generating capacity by 2035, which is equivalent to 20 percent of the current U.S. capacity, or 58 percent of all of the expected new power generation to be added (6). Historically, natural-gas-fired combustion turbines have been used by utilities to provide both baseload and peaking power generation. Typically, larger systems (i.e., greater than 100MW output) are used in baseload operations while smaller gas turbines handle peaking and mid- merit capacity. With changes in the power industry, EPA emissions regulations, and technology advancements, the gas turbine is now used increasingly for baseload power as a combined- cycle system. By way of example, although gas turbines accounted for 15 percent of the power generation industry in 1998, they are expected to account for 40 percent of U.S. power generation by 2020. A 2009 Forecast International study (6) estimates the global installed base for industrial gas turbines at 46,455 units consisting of 33 percent (15,330 units) heavy frame gas turbines, 21 percent (9,755 units) aero-derivative, and 46 percent (21,370 units) light frame units. Often, particularly on larger units, the gas turbine is combined with heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) to recycle usable (waste) heat found in the turbine exhaust streams for co- generation or bottom cycling to increase system efficiencies from the typical 35 to 40 percent for simple-cycle turbines to over 60 percent for combined-cycle systems. However smaller systems have not been able to deploy a combined cycle architecture due to unfavorable economics. Figure 4: Performance model comparison between a standalone LM2500 gas turbine versus LM2500 combined cycle systems based on Echogen, single- and double-pressure steam and ORC technologies. Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Example In 2011, Echogen conducted an exemplary trade study between the Echogen EPS100 heat engine and a comparably sized, double-pressure HRSG (DP-HRSG) (2). The study results show that the performance of the EPS100 system (power output versus ambient temperature) significantly exceeds single- pressure steam systems and is comparable to a double-pressure steam system (Figure 4). The Echogen system can increase net power production from heat in gas turbine exhaust. For example, net power on 20-to-50-MWe gas turbines can be increased by up to 35 percent (Figure 4), comparable to a DP-HRSG but at a lower cost for installation (Figure 5) (2). 3PDF Image | Waste Heat to Power WH2P Applications using SCO2
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