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Introduction: Geothermal Energy in Northwest Alaska This preliminary report summarizes the geothermal energy potential of NANA lands based solely on available literature and data. It is intended to guide future geothermal studies of the region and should be considered preliminary in nature. Background: Low-Temperature Geothermal Energy Resources (<150 oC) Geothermal energy, which is earth-heat energy, exists in large amounts deep in earth’s crust. It also exists at shallow levels in the crust at some locations: typically, though not always, in areas of active volcanism. Geothermal energy is used in many countries for power generation and/or non-electric applications such as heating. Geothermal heat is usually harnessed through hot water, or hydrothermal systems. In hydrothermal systems, deeply circulating groundwater brings heat to the surface or shallow subsurface. Hydrothermal systems are renewable because the two vital components (earth’s heat + circulating groundwater) are constantly recharged. Theoretically, non-hydrothermal geothermal resources (such as geopressurized brine or hot dry rock) can also be exploited for energy, but in practice they are far less utilized than hydrothermal resources. Moreover, non-hydrothermal sources are non-renewable because recharge of heat and water do not occur at the same rate as production. Low-temperature hydrothermal fluids (<150 oC) must be run through a binary- cycle system to produce electrical power. In binary power systems, hydrothermal fluid and a secondary (“binary”) fluid pass through a heat exchanger, vaporizing the binary fluid, which then drives a turbine. The temperature requirements for binary systems depend on site characteristics (available condensing temperature, volume of geothermal fluid, etc.). The binary system at Chena Hot Springs uses geothermal fluid at ~80 °C. Background: NANA Region Geothermal Resources Hot springs in the NANA region are part of the Central Alaskan Hot Springs Belt (CAHSB). Chena Hot Springs is the only location in this belt of over 30 hot springs that has been exploited for power production. It is currently producing about 400 kW of power (www.yourownpower.com). The local geology of most CAHSB sites is poorly defined, and the heat source driving the geothermal activity has not been established. The geothermal potential of most of the CAHSB hot springs is unknown due to a lack of geologic information (Miller and others, 1975; Economides and others, 1982). Though the CAHSB spans numerous geologic provinces, the thermal springs in the CAHSB are remarkably similar. Nearly all of the hot springs occur in or near igneous intrusive rocks (also called “plutons” or “granites”) and issue from fractured zones near the pluton margins (Miller and others, 1973), or from the intersection between plutons and faults or fault zones (Sainsbury and others, 1980; Kolker and others, 2007). This suggests that the reservoirs for CAHSB geothermal systems are not large. All CAHSB hot springs are low- temperature (<150 °C). Most of the hot springs are non-volcanic (Miller, 1973); however the central Seward Peninsula contains several young lava flows, and may be an active rift zone with abnormally high crustal heat flow and the possible presence of shallow magma (Turner and Swanson, 1981). Further exploration work is necessary in order to assess the geothermal resource capacity of most of the CAHSB hot springs. 2PDF Image | NANA Geothermal Assessment Project (GAP) Results
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