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As was mentioned earlier, the ability to control the rotational speed of the pump can save energy by a cubed factor with centrifugal pumps. Typical energy savings reductions can be seen to be anywhere from 30% to 50% [20]. Other advantages of implementing a variable speed drive to control the speed of the pump include improved process control, improved system reliability and soft starting of the pumps to decrease the overall demand of the facility. However there are also several disadvantages that can occur as a consequence of a VSD. These include such things as the requirement of having motors with reinforced “inverter duty” insulation in the United States because of the increased supply voltage. More disadvantages from installing a VSD are harmonic distortions, need for electrical screening, deterioration of older motor type insulation and the fact that long cable runs can cause a raised voltage at the motor input. Other possible issues include circulating currents in the drive shaft of larger motors which leads to increased bearing wear, losses due to frequency conversion, and wear of the equipment itself in less than ideal locations [20]. Pump Comparison To adequately determine what pump is necessary for a certain application, a few parameters must be considered. The system head is a concept that relates the energy in the fluid to an equivalent column of water in terms of height. Three other system characteristics that become important are the volumetric flow rate requirements, operating pressure and the viscosity of the fluid. The head and flow rate produced by the pump are important parameters to ensure the pump is operating at its most efficient point on the pump curve while the viscosity of the fluid determines the ease of pumpability of the fluid in either pump [41]. Once these parameters in a system are known it is important to realize that different pumps operate more efficiently under certain design conditions. For example, when comparing flow 75PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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