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specific fluid has. This combination is known as the fluid's volumetric heat capacity. A simplified version of the first law of thermodynamics states that the heat transferred is equal to the mass flow rate times the specific heat of the fluid times the temperature difference. The mass flow rate can then be expanded to include the multiplication of density, velocity and cross- sectional area. The velocity, area and change in temperature can be taken as constant no matter the fluid being analyzed which leaves only the density of the fluid multiplied by the fluid's specific heat as variables. This analysis can be a simple and quick check to determine which fluid will be able to transport the most heat energy. A graphical comparison of this property can be seen in Figure 28 in the Energy Transportation Fluid Comparison section. The final property discussed is the dynamic viscosity of a fluid which is also important during the selection process. This property does not directly affect the heat transfer capabilities but changes the flow characteristics and with a higher viscosity the required pumping energy can be increased. All of these fluid properties, along with initial cost and operating costs of the selected fluid should be considered. The following sections discuss different possible transportation fluids and the advantages and disadvantages of each. Water The most common type of energy transportation fluid because of its ease of availability and high heat capacity is water. Water is used for many heat transfer applications such as cooling water systems and also is used in process steam and hot water applications. This extensive usage as a working fluid has led to most pumping and heat recovery and transfer equipment to be developed with it in mind. However water does have certain limitations when it comes to temperature and when steam is not desired or expected to be created, water can become difficult or undesirable to be used. Along with these issues, water also has the potential to cause high corrosion problems. 55PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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