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interaction. This interaction allows the transfer of the energy from the hot to the cold side which creates the electrical current. The maximum efficiency of this lab test was found to be 43% with an 81°F temperature difference but the electricity produced was all on the millivolt scale [73]. Energy Transportation Fluid After the energy is recovered from the waste heat, it must be transported to the end use. This can be accomplished by creating a closed loop system that transports the high energy fluid throughout the facility. This working fluid should be selected based on different physical and thermodynamic properties such as boiling point, density, specific heat and viscosity. For heat recovery systems, a high boiling point of the fluid is desirable to maintain the fluid as a liquid and not allow a phase change to gas to take place. While this transformation allows for more heat energy to be stored in the fluid’s latent heat, it is not desirable to have a two phase flow in a system of such relatively low temperature. Maintaining a single, liquid phase will allow the system design to become much simpler and more importantly allow for much larger quantities of lower temperature energy to be recovered. By maintaining the fluid in a liquid phase also greatly reduces the initial implementation cost because there is no need to install vapor piping, special vent piping and pressure control devices [56]. The density of a fluid becomes important in its ability to transport energy because the denser a fluid, the more mass there is to absorb the available energy. The density is not constant for different temperatures and will become less and less as the temperature increases causing the fluid to expand. The specific heat of the fluid aids in the fluid’s ability to gather and store the energy recovered and the higher the specific heat, the more energy that can be transported throughout the system per pound of fluid delivered. The density and specific heat can be combined together to gain a greater understanding of how much energy transportation potential a 54PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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