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Thermophotovoltaics A thermophotovoltaic (TPV) device is another method used to convert waste heat directly into electricity. This device uses a photovoltaic diode to create the electrical current based on a temperature difference exciting photons. The TPV functions in the same manner as a photovoltaic solar cell and replaces the sun’s energy as the driving force with waste heat. This leads to a heavy dependence on thermal radiation to cause the generation of electricity and limits the efficiency to that of a blackbody. This also requires a relatively high temperature to achieve this radiation effect. This high temperature is well above the level of low temperature waste heat and a heat source of over 2,000 °F is recommended for higher efficiency. This requirement leads this technology to not be currently applicable for low level waste heat recover applications and is provided as information and with possible future technology developments could become applicable. This technology could also become relevant as the push for solar energy becomes important and as new techniques for solar photovoltaic cells become available, thermophotovoltaics will not be far behind. Although the system is bounded by a blackbody efficiency limit, the system is not an actual black body and will incur losses. The major source of losses in the system is unconverted thermal radiation. This wasted thermal radiation is emitted at a wavelength or direction that the cell is not able to absorb and convert to electricity. To combat this, filters can be added to the system which helps direct and convert up to 75% of the radiation to a usable wavelength and direction. However current technologies still limit the conversion efficiency of heat to electricity to below 20%. The upper limit of this range is only possible with high temperature differences in the most efficient versions available and a more realistic conversion efficiency is around 12%. These systems tend to have an initial cost of around $1,000/kW and a simple payback of about 4 52PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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