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begin to decrease as the vapor becomes superheated and will waste the energy input into the system [12]. Thermoelectric Generator A thermoelectric generator (TEG) operates off the Seebeck effect which takes a temperature difference and converts it directly into electricity. This is the same principle on which an ordinary thermocouple operates. A junction of two different metals is created and when a temperature difference is introduced onto the junction, electrons are driven towards the lower temperature surface and a voltage is created which in turn produces an electrical current. The actual layout of the junction is set on a solid-state integrated circuit with two types of semi- conductor materials, forming the junction. This layout allows for the system to be very rugged and durable along with operating with no moving parts. The amount of voltage that can be created by a given temperature difference is proportional with the addition of the Seebeck coefficient. A large Seebeck coefficient is on the order of 167 microvolts per degree Fahrenheit temperature difference. This leads to the requirement of many TEGs to be added in series to make a useable form of electricity [55]. This conversion method is very inefficient though and generally only converts about 5 to 10% of the heat energy into electrical power and requires temperatures of almost 500°F to operate. Another limitation to the TEG is that current initial costs are about $13 per watt of capacity [32]. However, according to a case study conducted on thermoelectric recovery of waste heat, because of the long life, lack of maintenance requirements and a relatively free energy source, when operated over a seven year period the TEG can produce electricity at a similar cost per watt as purchased power from a major utility [53]. 51PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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