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Table 4. Comparison of Turbine Isentropic Efficiency vs. Size and Working Fluid Molecular Weight [54] Turbine Isentropic Efficiency % Power Level The next issue that arises when designing an ORC is which fluid should be used. Several studies have been conducted to determine the optimal organic fluid depending on several variables and some of the more effective ones include ammonia, R236EA, isobutane and butane. The first major parameter that should be considered when selecting a fluid is the temperature range over which it will effectively operate and compare that value with the incoming hot temperature reservoir. The second parameter to evaluate is to ensure the fluid does not solidify at temperatures around the ambient conditions. This is to ensure the liquid does not become a solid in the pipes while the unit is not in operation. After the fluid has been confirmed to be physically possible to work in the system, thermodynamic properties should be analyzed to ensure the best efficiency possible can be achieved. This efficiency is tied heavily into the fluids vaporization temperature and the best efficiencies are found when superheating of the substance are not done [15]. This requires knowledge of the high temperature source to design an efficient ORC and to help with this determination a comparative study was conducted by Dai, Wang and Gao that compares different working fluids and their net power output based on the incoming temperature to the turbine under the same operating conditions and each at their optimum operating pressures. Figure 18 shows the results taken from this study for ten different working fluids [12]. As Figure 17 shows, the net power output for both water and ammonia increase as the inlet temperature is raised. However, somewhat counter intuitively, the remainder of the fluids reduce 49 > 10 MW 1-5 MW Steam 70 - 80 High Molecular Weight 75 - 80 75 - 80 78-80 60 - 75 50 - 70 200-500kW 30-50 10-100 kW 25 - 50PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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