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atmospheric pressure [63]. This is known as the latent heat of vaporization for water. From a simple chemistry analysis of this process, it can be seen that for every one pound of methane combusted, 2.25 pounds of water vapor are produced which works out to be about 12% of the total exhaust content by weight. To express this in terms of energy lost simply by converting the produced H2O into steam, based on the higher heating value of natural gas it requires the combustion of about 42 pounds mass of CH4 to produce one million Btu's of energy. So for every one MMBtu of natural gas combusted 94.3 pounds of water is produced. This value, combined with the latent heat of vaporization of water, implies that for every one MMBtu of natural gas combusted, 91,495 Btus are consumed to convert the water into steam. This represents almost a tenth of the available energy of the natural gas [63]. As the previous simple analysis has shown, the ability to condense this vapor back into water and recover its energy can greatly increase the efficiency of the heating process and reduce the amount of energy wasted in the process. The effects of this production of water vapor are seen when other types of fuels are used that contain hydrogen, however most are not as significant as natural gas combustion. For example, when combusting one MMBtu of number 2 fuel oil only about 56 pounds mass of water is produced. The system shown in the following figure demonstrates the amount of energy that can be recovered in a system containing a condensing heat exchanger and an initial heat exchanger to recover sensible heat. The system recovery efficiency is also calculated when only a condensing heat exchanger is installed. 36PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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