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exchanger effectiveness. All of these methods are discussed further and the equations are given by Zubair and Shah [76]. Heat Exchanger Comparison While both types of heat exchangers are accepted in heat recovery applications, each has their advantages and disadvantages. The shell-and-tube heat exchanger is a very widely manufactured, used and a well-known heat exchanger. This leads to a certain confidence in the equipment. The shell-in-tube heat exchanger introduces very little pressure drop into the system and can be used at higher pressures and temperatures, depending on the configuration selected. This proven technology is, however, outperformed by the plate-and-frame heat exchanger in many different areas. Table 1 was created by Cheremisinoff & Cheremisinoff [11] and shows a comparison of a plate-and-frame heat exchanger and a shell-and-tube heat exchanger under the same design circumstances. Table 1 demonstrates a relative comparison between a shell-and-tube heat exchanger and that under similar operating conditions a plate-and-frame heat exchanger has a "U" value or overall heat transfer coefficient of three to five times that of a shell-and-tube. This can be attributed to true countercurrent flow and the creation of turbulent flow which causes the heat transfer to greatly enhance while also lowering plate fouling. The plate-and-frame heat exchanger is also much more compact compared to a SAT heat exchanger and leads to less overall weight, hold up volume and less installation requirements. This comes from less total volume required to achieve the same amount of heat transfer where a reduction in surface area is made up for by the increased "U" value as mentioned before. This more compact size also provides the PAF heat exchanger with a lower initial cost when made from stainless steel or higher grade materials due 31PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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