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configuration is used. The setup of the plate-and-frame heat exchanger allows for additional plates to be added or to be removed at any time in response to changes in the process or temperature profile. Along the same lines, this characteristic provides easy maintainability of the plates because the plates can be easily added or removed, they can be cleaned in place and with a relatively small effort. Also the maintenance required for the plates are reduced because they are normally made from alloys or exotic metals which naturally have a high corrosion resistance [11]. As with all heat exchangers and mechanical equipment, maintenance issues become a major concern for PAF heat exchangers. The major source of maintenance stemming from the plate- and-frame heat exchanger is from fouling or scaling of unwanted material on the plates themselves. Fouling can occur due to sedimentation, crystallization, organic or biological growths, corrosion products or a combination of these. This fouling not only causes less heat transfer to be possible, it also increases the fluid flow resistance and if the heat flux is relatively high in a concentrated area, can lead to local hot spots and ultimately mechanical failure [36]. This problem can be dealt with by a number of methods but the most commonly used includes an upfront conservative design. This method supplies more heat transfer surface area than necessary so the heat exchanger can still effectively transfer the heat after a certain amount of fouling. However this method frequently causes a decrease in fluid velocity in the flow regime of the plate which creates stagnation zones. This, along with deposit formation, creates a random fouling growth rate. While a conservative design can be done before the heat exchanger is installed, it is not a permanent solution because over time the plates will still begin to foul and the effectiveness will diminish beneath the required level. To overcome this either chemical or mechanical cleaning of the individual plates must still be performed [75]. 28PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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