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The design of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger leads to the concern of the tubing as well as the shell fouling and in turn reducing the heat transfer between the two flows. The term fouling includes any type of deposit that appears on the heat transfer surface of the heat exchanger. The most significant types of fouling are sedimentation fouling, which occurs when suspended solids in the fluid settle out and stick to the heat transfer surface. The second type is inverse solubility fouling which happens when certain salts are less soluble in warm water than in cool water which causes the salts to leave the flow and crystallize on the heat transfer surface. The next type is chemical reaction fouling and is the result of a chemical reaction occurring in the fluid stream due to an increase in temperature and results in a solid forming on the surface. This fouling can be very difficult to remove and in extreme cases can require the deposits to be burnt off to restore the original heat transfer capabilities. Corrosion product fouling is yet another common type which results from the corrosion of heat exchanger parts that are installed. The last type of fouling common to shell-and-tube heat exchangers is biological fouling which is when an organism attaches itself to a heat transfer surface, such as algae, and causes a barrier between the fluid and the heat transfer surface which results in much lower heat transfer effectiveness [5]. These types of fouling can be slowed by the use of different materials when constructing the heat exchanger as well as intermittently adding certain chemicals to the process. Both of these measures are not permanent and eventually the heat exchanger will need to be physically cleaned. As mentioned earlier in this section, methods and frequency of cleaning shell-and-tube heat exchangers will vary greatly depending on the configuration of both the shell and the tube sides. The major techniques of mechanical cleaning include using a scraping or rotary brush to physically clean the inside and outside of the tubes as well as the shell or by using high velocity 25PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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