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only chemical cleaning to be possible on the tube side [27]. It should be noted that the bended surface area of the tubes are much less effective at transferring heat to the secondary fluid and are ignored when determining an overall effectiveness for the heat exchanger [11]. The following figure shows a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a U-tube design. Figure 8. Diagram of U-tube Shell-and-tube Heat Exchanger [72]. A third type of shell-and-tube heat exchanger design is called a pull-through floating head design which consists of a fixed tube sheet at the end of the flow channel and a floating tube sheet at the opposite end. This setup allows for the tube bundle, along with individual tubes to be easily removed from the shell by only disassembling one side allowing for easy physical cleaning of both the shell and the tube. The floating head in this heat exchanger acts as a differential expansion, allowing for a greater temperature difference capacity. This floating head does sacrifice the ability to have as many tubes for a given shell size when compared to other designs because the floating head flange and bolt design require a large amount of area to work properly [11]. Another issue with this design is that, in addition to having less heat transfer surface area, the design contains fewer tubes. This results in a larger annular space between the tubes and the shell which leads to less flow of the shell side fluid coming into contact with the tubes, resulting in less overall heat transfer. To help combat this problem, sealing strips or dummy tubes can be added in the shell to prevent fluid bypass and in turn increase the heat transfer [72]. The design also has the potential for continuous, undetected leaks because the seal is located inside and not 21PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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