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Figure 6. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger [42]. This type of heat exchanger can be used for both air-to-liquid and liquid-to-liquid and sometimes air-to-air heat exchange. Air-to-liquid types are configured with the fluid being pumped through the tubes with very high values of convective heat transfer coefficients. The air is then forced over the outside of the tubes in the shell with much lower heat transfer coefficients. To make up for the small heat transfer rates, fins can be added to increase the available heat transfer surface area, although these are rarely installed. The tubes can be bundled in a variety of ways depending on the application and generally contain baffles to direct the flow of the fluid within the shell. These baffles are simply a disk in the flow path with a segment removed. These baffles can also be placed in a number of configurations but are generally placed in a segmental form with the cut edges alternating from top to bottom to force the fluid to move perpendicularly back and forth across the tubes [71]. Not only do these baffles channel the flow of the fluid in the shell, they also help support the tubes and restrain tube vibrations from fluid impingement [11]. This baffle setup can be seen in each of the following schematics of shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The first configuration of tubes in the heat exchanger to be considered is called the fixed tube sheet design which has both tube sheets attached directly to the shell. This design is simple and most economical for low pressure and small temperature difference designs but should not be 19PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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