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heating of nitrogen robs the desired media from absorbing all the energy released during combustion and lowers the temperature of the combustion products which requires a larger energy input to create the desired temperature and results. With the use of modern controls, the O2 in the exhaust stack can be maintained to about 1.5 to 3 percent for natural gas combustion and only slightly higher for number 2 and number 6 fuel oils as well as coal [26]. The use of older technology, which uses bars and linkages to create a positioning control system for regulating the incoming air, the amount of O2 in the stack gas can still be kept well under 8%. The following figure shows the percent of the fuel's higher heating value (in this case natural gas) that is lost through the stack when the exhaust gas temperature is fixed at 450°F and 400°F and the outside conditions are set to 70°F. This type of analysis should only be considered accurate when there is less than 100 ppm of CO (combustible media) in the exhaust gas stream [26]. 25% 24% 23% 22% 21% 20% 19% 18% 17% 16% 450 F 400 F 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Flue Gas O2 content (Wet Basis) Figure 4. Stack Losses Due to Excess Air in Natural Gas Combustion [26]. The O2 content in the flue gas can be easily measured using either a handheld combustion analyzer although some exhaust stacks may have permanent O2 sensors mounted in which case 13 Stack Loss (% of HHV of fuel)PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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