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been estimated to be as much as 20 to 50% of the total energy consumption [4]. Yet another study was conducted for the Department of Energy by Energetics, Incorporated and E3M, Incorporated. This study took place in 2004 and used a different method to determine the amount of wasted energy generated in industry [16]. This method took the approach that all energy supply, distribution systems and energy conversion process have inefficiencies and generate wasted heat. Average efficiencies for each process were then assumed and the amount of energy lost was calculated. This study estimated that about 32% of the energy input to plants is lost to its boundaries prior to its use for the intended purpose. This study did not include energy that is wasted after a process has been completed such as high temperature exhaust gas from combustion processes [16]. This study demonstrates that the amount of waste heat generated in industry is more likely on the upper side of the range found in the other studies. While these previously described methods are able to quickly approximate the amount of energy wasted in the industrial sector, the gross assumption on efficiencies is only capable of giving an order of magnitude analysis of the actual amount. A more detailed analysis of the amount of energy wasted cannot be located and the true quantities are not monitored or known. Quality of Waste Heat Because every industrial process is somewhat different, waste heat is not rejected at a constant temperature. These temperatures will vary greatly depending on the type of equipment it is exhausted from, for what purpose the consumed heat is intended, the efficiency of the equipment along with several other contributions. To help evaluate a realistic recovery potential, the waste heat is characterized based on the temperature of the exhaust gas and from there the quantity of each category can be found. There can be any number of different cutoff points in categories based on temperature, however breaking them down based on technology and process limitations 4PDF Image | TUDY OF LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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