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COST EFFECTIVE SMALL SCALE ORC SYSTEMS FOR POWER RECOVERY FROM LOW ENTHALPY GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES ABSTRACT * * * ** I K Smith , N Stosic , A Kovacevic , R Langson * City University, London, UK ** ElectraTherm Inc, Carson City, NV Small scale geothermal power generation has, until recently, been inhibited by the relatively high cost of the power plant. Developments in the design and manufacture of screw machines have made it possible to modify standard mass produced air compressors to act as expanders in place of turbines in ORC units of up to approximately 500kWe output. Such machines have adiabatic efficiencies close to those of turbines of similar output but with a number of advantages. These include the ability to enhance the cycle efficiency by admitting wet vapour, direct coupling to standard 3-phase generators, and the elimination of traditional lubricating systems. Combining them with standard heat exchangers has made it possible to manufacture small ORC systems for cost effective power production at outputs of as little as 20-50kWe. An experimental unit, containing all these features, has been designed, built and tested. Preliminary results showed good agreement with performance predictions with the screw expander achieving an adiabatic efficiency of 74% at an output of only 22kW. This compares well with turbines of similar power. A detailed design study has shown that a 50 kW air cooled system, receiving heat from brine at o only 100 C can be built and installed for a total cost of only $1500-2,000/kWe of net output, if water cooled and approximately $2,500/kWe of net output if air cooled. Extrapolating these figures to a 200kW unit, it is estimated that such screw driven ORC units are 30% cheaper than recently publicized low cost, turbine driven systems. INTRODUCTION ORC systems for recovering power from geothermal heat are now well developed. However, in order to make them more cost effective, efforts have been increasingly directed to units of ever larger sizes. More recently, Brasz (1) has shown that centrifugal compressor driven air conditioning chiller units can be converted to ORC systems at a relatively low cost, mainly, by adapting the compressor to operate, in reverse, as a radial inflow turbine. By this means it was claimed and has since been demonstrated (2) that units of as low as 200kWe power output can be built and installed cost effectively, even when operating with very low brine temperatures. Heat sources of the order of only 250 kW, mainly as waste heat from small IC engine generator sets, are widely available. As fuel prices rise, power recovery from them would be very attractive commercially, if ORC units of the order of 20-50 kWe output could be built and installed for an economic price. At such outputs, the use of turbines as expanders has many disadvantages, sincePDF Image | COST EFFECTIVE SMALL SCALE ORC SYSTEMS
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