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THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TURBOMACHINERY 283 Figure 2. Chimney Jack Conceived by Leonardo Da Vinci (1500 AD). Figure 1. Aeolipile Developed by Hero of Alexandria 120 BC. (Sawyer, 1945) The concept of reaction for propulsion allowed rockets to be constructed as early as 1232 AD, both for use in war and for fireworks. There is a story of a Chinese scholar, Wan Hu, who devised a rocket-based sledge, but reportedly the attempt failed when the rockets exploded and obliterated the brave pilot. In approximately 1500 AD, Leonardo Da Vinci described a “chimney jack,” shown in Figure 2. In this device, hot air passed over fan-like blades that acted as a turbine and rotated the spit by the use of crude bevel gears. In 1629, there is a mention by Giovanni Branca, an Italian engineer, of an impulse turbine that was used to power a stamping mill. This was a device where steam was generated and directed via a nozzle on a horizontal wheel containing blades. The rotary motion was converted to stamping action by means of bevel gearing, as depicted in Figure 3. It is reported that Branca built this device but, upon explosion of the boiler, was locked up on the plea that he must be mad! In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton formulated his laws of motion, which were fundamental to the development of all kinds of turbomachinery. A “Steam Wagon” that utilized a reaction jet to provide forward movement was proposed later and has been loosely named “Newton’s Steam Carriage.” This device, shown in Figure 4, was a four wheel carriage with a spherical boiler mounted over a fire, with a nozzle designed to provide a reaction jet. By 1690, mechanics became capable of forming cylinders, rods, and plates making it possible to fabricate heat engines. In 1690, Dennis Papin created a cylinder and piston arrangement that was a rudimentary heat engine. In 1791, John Barber in England patented a design utilizing the thermodynamic cycle of the modern gas turbine. The turbine was equipped with a chain-driven reciprocating type of compressor and Figure 3. Impulse Turbine of Giovanni Branca Used to Power a Stamping Mill, Circa 1629—Possibly the Earliest Steam Turbine. Figure 4. Newton’s Steam Carriage—Developed by Jacob Graves. Speed Control by Steam Cock. had a combustor and turbine. Barber proposed the use of charcoal, gas, or other suitable fuel to produce inflammable gas. The gas from the producer went into a common receiver and then into the combustion chamber where it mixed with compressor air and was ignited. The resulting hot gasses were allowed to impinge on aPDF Image | THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TURBOMACHINERY
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